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建安學(xué)術(shù)史研究

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-08-22 12:48
【摘要】:本文以建安時(shí)期的學(xué)術(shù)為研究對(duì)象。嘗試對(duì)建安學(xué)術(shù)作較系統(tǒng)的研究。 建安時(shí)期(196—219年)是中國(guó)中古史的重要階段。以漢獻(xiàn)帝年號(hào)為斷限,該時(shí)期東漢已名存實(shí)亡,三國(guó)鼎立局面逐漸形成。在國(guó)家從統(tǒng)一走向分裂的過(guò)程中,政治秩序的變化與統(tǒng)治方法的改變,對(duì)人們的學(xué)術(shù)取向產(chǎn)生深刻影響。 從學(xué)術(shù)史發(fā)展看,該時(shí)期是漢代學(xué)術(shù)向魏晉學(xué)術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型的過(guò)渡期,人們的觀念發(fā)生變化,不同系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)重新進(jìn)行整合。兩漢時(shí)期形成的經(jīng)學(xué)傳統(tǒng)并未中斷。建安時(shí)期伴隨著統(tǒng)一王朝的解體,出現(xiàn)了文化多元的局面,如道家、法家、兵家、縱橫家、陰陽(yáng)家等在這一時(shí)期都有一定的表現(xiàn)。六朝時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的種種思潮在建安都能找到其端緒。 建安學(xué)術(shù)史雖然重要,但前人所作的研究卻不夠充分。在中國(guó)古代社會(huì),學(xué)者對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)史的關(guān)注重點(diǎn)是經(jīng)學(xué)研究,由于這一時(shí)期的經(jīng)學(xué)相對(duì)不發(fā)達(dá),導(dǎo)致后世研究的薄弱。清代和近代學(xué)者在經(jīng)學(xué)和思想方面雖有所涉獵,對(duì)漢儒如鄭玄也多有研究,但還是偏重于對(duì)漢代治學(xué)方法和經(jīng)解注疏的研究。他們對(duì)建安時(shí)代學(xué)術(shù)其他領(lǐng)域的成就,在從總體上認(rèn)識(shí)亦有不足。 在歷史上,社會(huì)發(fā)生劇變之際,舊秩序的解體往往伴隨著新思想的產(chǎn)生。先秦時(shí)代,伴隨著周王朝的逐漸失控,出現(xiàn)了王官之學(xué)衰而諸子峰起的學(xué)術(shù)局面。同樣,漢代統(tǒng)治由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰的過(guò)程,也正是學(xué)術(shù)由經(jīng)學(xué)之一元走向多元的過(guò)程。 東漢后期經(jīng)學(xué)自身的煩瑣化、讖緯化,宦官的打擊,商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展等因素導(dǎo)致經(jīng)學(xué)的衰退和思想多元的出現(xiàn)。但經(jīng)學(xué)的衰退,不等于學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展就此停止,相反,長(zhǎng)期作為官方學(xué)術(shù)的經(jīng)學(xué)的衰退,恰恰為新學(xué)術(shù)方法和新思想的產(chǎn)生提供了更廣闊的空間,經(jīng)學(xué)衰退的過(guò)程,也就是人們知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的重新整合,學(xué)術(shù)重心逐步轉(zhuǎn)移的過(guò)程。在儒學(xué)衰落期,新的學(xué)術(shù)格局也正在形成,建安時(shí)期的外戚宦官階層、黨人階層、及普通士人分別代表了不同的學(xué)術(shù)文化取向。伴隨著這一學(xué)術(shù)的分化,在社會(huì)思想領(lǐng)域也產(chǎn)生了深刻的變化,道家學(xué)說(shuō)被作為新的救世思想而出現(xiàn)了復(fù)興,與道家思想有著不解之緣的民間道教也因而得到了發(fā)展,法家思想被作為一種治亂世的有效的實(shí)用思想也在建安年間受到重視。新的學(xué)術(shù)取向?qū)е率咳嗽谥R(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)術(shù)方法、學(xué)術(shù)旨趣方面發(fā)生了很大變化,在知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)方面才藝類實(shí)學(xué)受到部分士人的重視,在學(xué)風(fēng)上輕章句之學(xué),博覽群書,瀏覽書籍而了解其中的主要思想成為一些人的學(xué)習(xí)方法,士人研究問(wèn)題的出發(fā)點(diǎn)也發(fā)生了變化,在學(xué)術(shù)研究中個(gè)體的價(jià)值得到重視。故建安時(shí)期,經(jīng)學(xué)雖還在荊、交二州得以延續(xù),但從廣袤的地域看,二地的經(jīng)學(xué)并不是建安時(shí)期的學(xué)術(shù)主流。建安時(shí)期學(xué)術(shù)日趨務(wù)實(shí),權(quán)謀術(shù)受到許多學(xué)者的重視,統(tǒng)治者重事功、輕浮華的政策也促進(jìn)了學(xué)術(shù)的務(wù)實(shí)性和弘通性。這使建安時(shí)代的學(xué)術(shù)范圍脫離經(jīng)學(xué)的藩籬,呈擴(kuò)大化趨勢(shì)。漢儒師法傳統(tǒng)也遭到重創(chuàng)而呈斷絕狀態(tài)。 建安時(shí)期學(xué)術(shù)格局的變化使建安學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展走上了與東漢不同的道路。建安學(xué)術(shù)的面貌表現(xiàn)在:經(jīng)學(xué)方面,學(xué)術(shù)傳統(tǒng)雖未停止,但對(duì)諸經(jīng)的研究如《春秋》谷 梁學(xué)等己處于難以為繼的狀態(tài),相反,《易》學(xué)卻因其特殊的占驗(yàn)功能卻在此時(shí) 期尤受重視,孟子學(xué)也因其民本思想與時(shí)代結(jié)合得較緊密而重受重視。史學(xué)因其 能提供史鑒,受到三國(guó)統(tǒng)治者和士人的重視,雖未出現(xiàn)如司馬遷、班固等具開(kāi)創(chuàng) 性的著作,但對(duì)前史的刪要及諸家所撰的私人撰述,無(wú)疑促進(jìn)了史學(xué)的繁榮,,終 于出現(xiàn)了荀悅的《漢紀(jì)》。建安時(shí)期的諸子學(xué)也成為學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新的思想源泉,學(xué)者 雖大率依托先秦學(xué)者,對(duì)之進(jìn)行闡發(fā)和潤(rùn)色,但能將先秦諸子的思想融入時(shí)代, 賦予傳統(tǒng)思想以新的內(nèi)容,同樣產(chǎn)生了學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新。如申、商之法,在漢代多遭貶 議,而這一時(shí)期卻又受到重視。 在建安年間,經(jīng)學(xué)于衰退之際,仍然出現(xiàn)了一批杰出的學(xué)者,他們或從事傳 統(tǒng)經(jīng)學(xué)的整合工作,或研究現(xiàn)實(shí)政治,共同構(gòu)建起建安學(xué)術(shù)的大廈。 鄭玄、何休、蔡豈、應(yīng)助等代表著東漢經(jīng)學(xué)最后的輝煌,鄭玄對(duì)今、古文經(jīng) 學(xué)作了全面總結(jié),實(shí)現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一經(jīng)學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)目標(biāo);何休從尊今抑古的立場(chǎng),為申明 經(jīng)典的價(jià)值,作了進(jìn)一步的努力:蔡豈從典制、文體、史學(xué)等更寬博的學(xué)術(shù)層面 全面診釋傳統(tǒng)思想;應(yīng)助則從正風(fēng)俗這一獨(dú)特的學(xué)術(shù)視角對(duì)傳統(tǒng)倫理作闡釋。 與鄭、何等對(duì)經(jīng)學(xué)作總結(jié)差不多同時(shí),學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域也逐漸出現(xiàn)了融儒、道、法 于一爐的雜家化傾向。仲長(zhǎng)統(tǒng),荀悅是這一學(xué)術(shù)新變的典型代表,他們都能從先 秦諸子思想中獲得借鑒,對(duì)治國(guó)主張作務(wù)實(shí)、具體的闡釋,提出了許多對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)社 會(huì)和后世都很有價(jià)值的社會(huì)政治主張,他們的學(xué)術(shù)代表了這時(shí)期的顯學(xué)。經(jīng)學(xué)也 還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展,但亦已出現(xiàn)務(wù)實(shí)的趨向,劉熙和孔融是這時(shí)期新經(jīng)學(xué)的代表,劉 熙對(duì)典制和器物名稱的解釋開(kāi)辟了經(jīng)學(xué)研究中博物學(xué)的新領(lǐng)域。孔融則對(duì)儒家倫 ,理作新的論釋,既表現(xiàn)為傳統(tǒng)的一面,又背離儒家傳統(tǒng)演繹出一些大膽而激進(jìn)的 觀點(diǎn)。 隨著經(jīng)世學(xué)術(shù)思潮的繼續(xù)發(fā)展,學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)不僅會(huì)通融合的趨勢(shì)更為顯著, 學(xué)術(shù)也出現(xiàn)專門化的趨勢(shì),與此同時(shí),學(xué)術(shù)風(fēng)格也因區(qū)域不同而出現(xiàn)差異,出現(xiàn) 了學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的多元化。劉助
[Abstract]:This paper takes the academic study of Jianan as the research object, and tries to make a systematic study of Jianan's academic work.
The Jian'an Period (196-219) was an important stage in the middle ancient history of China. The Eastern Han Dynasty was famous for its existence, and the trinity of the Three Kingdoms gradually took shape. In the process of the state from unification to division, the change of political order and the change of governing methods had a profound impact on people's academic orientation.
From the development of academic history, this period is a transitional period from the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. People's concepts have changed and different systems of knowledge have been re-integrated. Home, Yin-Yang home and so on all have certain performance in this period.
In ancient China, scholars paid more attention to the study of Confucianism, which was relatively undeveloped in this period, leading to the weakness of later generations. Although scholars in Qing Dynasty and modern times had been involved in the study of Confucianism, such as Zheng Xuan, there were many scholars in Han Dynasty. However, they still lay particular stress on the study of the methods and annotations of the Han Dynasty.
In the pre-Qin Dynasty, with the gradual loss of control of the Zhou Dynasty, the academic situation of the decline of the imperial officials and the rise of the scholars appeared.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the trivialization of Confucian classics, the eunuch's attack, the development of commodity economy and other factors led to the decline of Confucian classics and the emergence of pluralistic ideas. In the declining period of Confucianism, a new academic pattern is taking shape. The class of eunuchs, the class of Party members and the ordinary scholars in Jian'an period represent different academic and cultural orientations. Differentiation has also brought about profound changes in the field of social thought. Taoism has been revived as a new salvation thought. Folk Taoism, which has an indissoluble bond with Taoism, has also been developed. Legalism, as an effective practical thought in dealing with troubled times, has also been paid attention to during the Jian'an Period. As a result, great changes have taken place in the knowledge structure, academic methods and academic purport of scholars. Some scholars have attached great importance to the practical study of talent and art in the knowledge structure. In the period of Jian'an, though the study of Confucian classics was still in Jing and Jiao'erzhou, it was not the mainstream of the study of Confucian classics in the period of Jian'an. In the period of Jian'an, scholars paid more and more attention to the study of Confucian classics, and the rulers paid more attention to merits and less attention to the policy of magnificence. It also promotes the practicality and extensiveness of the academic field. This makes the academic scope of the Jian'an period break away from the fence of Confucianism, showing a trend of expansion.
The academic development of Jian'an was different from that of the Eastern Han Dynasty because of the change of academic pattern in the period of Jian'an.
Liang Xue and others are in an unsustainable state. On the contrary, Yi's learning is due to its special function.
Mencius'thought of people-oriented is closely related to the times. Historiography is attached great importance to because of its close combination with the times.
Shi Jian can be provided by the rulers and scholars of the Three Kingdoms. Although they did not appear, such as Sima Qian and Ban Gu, they were created.
Sexual works, but the deletion of previous history and private writing by various authors undoubtedly promote the prosperity of historiography.
In the period of the Han Dynasty, Xun Yue has become the source of academic innovation.
Though relying heavily on pre Qin scholars to elucidate and polish them, they can integrate the thoughts of pre Qin philosophers into the times.
Giving the new content to the traditional thought has also created academic innovation.
However, this period has been taken seriously.
In the years of Jianan, when scholars were learning to decline, a group of outstanding scholars still appeared.
The integration of Confucian classics, or the study of real politics, together builds the building of Jianan academic.
Zheng Xuan, he Xiu, Cai Yao, Ying Fu and so on represented the last glory of Confucian Studies in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Zheng Xuan's ancient prose classics
He made a comprehensive summary and realized the academic goal of unifying Confucian classics; he Hsu took the stand of respecting the present and suppressing the old.
The classic value has made further efforts: CAI has learned from the broader academic level of Dian, style and historiography.
We should comprehensively interpret traditional ideas, and help to interpret traditional ethics from the unique academic perspective of positive customs.
In the same way as Zheng, how to summarize Confucian classics, academic circles gradually emerged Confucianism, Taoism, and law.
In a furnace, the trend of miscellaneous family is becoming more and more complicated. Zhong Chang Tong and Xun Yue are typical representatives of this new academic change.
In the Qin Dynasty's thought, we drew lessons from it, and made specific and concrete explanations for the ruling state.
The society and later generations are very valuable social and political propositions, their academic representative of the period of prominent scholarship.
It is continuing to develop, but there has also been a pragmatic trend. Liu Xi and Kong Rong are representatives of Neo Confucian Studies in this period.
Xi's interpretation of classics and the names of utensils opened up a new field of natural history in the study of Confucian classics.
New explanations of the theory are both traditional and radical.
Point of view.
With the continuous development of the academic trend of thought, the trend of convergence in academic field is more significant.
There is also a trend towards specialization in academic studies. Meanwhile, academic styles also vary from region to region.
The diversification of academic field.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2004
【分類號(hào)】:K234

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