清乾隆朝強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-14 19:10
【摘要】：公元1599年2月,努爾哈赤命額爾德尼、噶蓋借用蒙古文字創(chuàng)造老滿文,從而使?jié)M族在本民族文化發(fā)展上實(shí)現(xiàn)了歷史性突破。1632年,皇太極命達(dá)海改進(jìn)滿文,提高了滿文的使用范圍,自此成為有清一代正式的官方文字。作為一個入主中原的少數(shù)民族政權(quán),如何在漢族占絕大多數(shù)的國家中保持和發(fā)展本民族的語言文字,不重蹈前代遼、金、元等少數(shù)民族政權(quán)的覆轍,無疑是關(guān)系清朝“國體”的大問題。從清太宗皇太極將滿語確立為“國語”那天起,歷朝皇帝都試圖通過有效法律措施來保護(hù)“國語”,盡管入關(guān)后形勢發(fā)生了很大變化,但這種努力始終沒有停止過,這也是清朝貫徹始終的一項基本國策。 乾隆作為清朝入關(guān)后的第四位皇帝,他在位期間(1736—1796年)清朝的綜合國力世界第一,這即是后世所稱的“乾隆盛世”。而在清朝的眾多皇帝中,乾隆無疑是一個非常有民族個性并十分注重保護(hù)本民族傳統(tǒng)的君主,在堅持“滿洲根本”的基本國策上,在通過制度措施保護(hù)“國語”的問題上,他都是表現(xiàn)的最突出的一個。清入關(guān)以后的前幾任皇帝迫于形勢,一般都采取鼓勵滿族學(xué)習(xí)漢文化的措施,致使很多滿族人對本民族的“國語”越來越生疏,到乾隆中后期甚至出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的“國語”使用危機(jī)。對此,乾隆并沒有一味的放任自流,聽之任之,而是采取了一系列法律保護(hù)措施來強(qiáng)化清朝的“國語’這些措施包括：屢發(fā)上諭反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)維護(hù)“國語”對清朝統(tǒng)治的重要性,進(jìn)一步將“國語”作為國家的職官制度、八旗制度官員的任用考核制度、教育制度、科舉考試制度中的重要內(nèi)容來貫徹推行,突出反映了乾隆想通過制度的力量保護(hù)“國語”的努力。 乾隆采取的一系列保護(hù)“國語”的法律措施收到了比較明顯的成效。例如,對“國語”的學(xué)習(xí)和使用人數(shù)大為增加,“國語”的應(yīng)用范圍越益廣泛。通過學(xué)校教育和翻譯科考試,“國語”本身也獲得了很大發(fā)展,并在一定程度上延緩了“國語”衰落的趨勢。清乾隆時進(jìn)行的強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)的歷史現(xiàn)象,既有乾隆本人的重視和大力提倡,但更是維護(hù)清朝長久統(tǒng)治的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要。這其中包含的意義和價值,如法律措施在保護(hù)民族語言文字和中華民族文化遺產(chǎn)中的重要作用等方而,這些正反兩方面的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),無疑都很值得我們認(rèn)真加以總結(jié)。 本文擬分緒論和四章來展開論述。 緒論部分主要闡述了問題的緣起、研究意義、研究現(xiàn)狀和研究方法等問題。作為文章的開篇,理應(yīng)首先闡明寫作本文的“問題意識”、研究的理論實(shí)踐意義和當(dāng)前學(xué)術(shù)界的研究現(xiàn)狀等問題。 第一章清朝“國語”的概念和“國語”問題。本章分三節(jié)：第一節(jié),首先闡明“國語”的概念,指出清朝的“國語”指的是什么及“國語”與其他相關(guān)概念的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系,“國語”在清朝的特殊法律地位,這些都是本文立論的基礎(chǔ)和前置性關(guān)鍵問題；第二節(jié),從歷史發(fā)展視角,初步梳理了清代“國語”的歷史發(fā)展過程：第三節(jié),研究乾隆朝強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)問題的意義。 第二章乾隆朝在軍政方面強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù),這是本文的主體部分。第一節(jié),屢發(fā)上諭強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)“國語”的重要性；第二節(jié),乾隆朝對八旗使用“國語”的強(qiáng)化；第三節(jié),乾隆朝對官員使用“國語”的強(qiáng)化。 第三章乾隆朝在文教方面強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù),該部分也是本文的主體部分。第一節(jié),通過學(xué)校加強(qiáng)“國語”教育；第二節(jié),翻譯科考試的發(fā)展；第三節(jié),其他加強(qiáng)“國語”保護(hù)的措施。 第四章乾隆朝強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)的原因及評析。第一節(jié),乾隆強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)的主要原因分析；第二節(jié),乾隆朝強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)所取得的成效；第三節(jié),乾隆朝強(qiáng)化“國語”法律保護(hù)存在的問題。 結(jié)語部分是對本文的總結(jié)。主要說明：一、多民族國家在實(shí)現(xiàn)國家治理過程中,保持多種民族語言文字的共生互補(bǔ)有利于民族發(fā)展和民族進(jìn)步；二、清朝通過法律措施保護(hù)民族語言文字的做法值得借鑒；三、語言文字作為民族文化傳承的重要載體,必須加強(qiáng)其保護(hù)措施以弘揚(yáng)中華文化。
[Abstract]:In February 1599, Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Gagai to borrow Mongolian characters to create the old Manchu, which made a historic breakthrough in the development of Manchu culture. In 1632, Emperor Taiji ordered Dahai to improve the Manchu script and improve its scope of use. Since then, it has become the official script of the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubtedly a major issue concerning the "national system" of the Qing Dynasty that how the regimes of several nationalities preserved and developed their own languages and languages in the majority of the Han nationality countries and did not repeat the mistakes of the regimes of the Liao, Jin and Yuan nationalities of the previous dynasties. From the day when Emperor Tai Chi of the Qing Dynasty established Manchu as the "national language", the emperors of all previous dynasties tried to adopt effective laws. Legal measures to protect the "national language" have changed greatly since the entry into the customs, but such efforts have never stopped, which is also a basic national policy implemented throughout the Qing Dynasty.
As the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was the first emperor in the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1796). This was what later generations called the "Qianlong Flourishing Age". Among the many emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was undoubtedly a monarch who had a very national personality and paid great attention to the protection of his national tradition and insisted on the "Manchuria Basics". In the basic state policy, he was the most prominent one in protecting the Mandarin language through institutional measures. Several previous emperors after the Qing Dynasty were forced to take measures to encourage Manchu to learn Chinese culture under the circumstances. As a result, many Manchus became more and more alienated from the Mandarin language of their own nation, even in the middle and late Qianlong period. There was a serious crisis in the use of the Mandarin. Instead of indulging himself, Qianlong adopted a series of legal protective measures to strengthen the Mandarin of the Qing Dynasty. These measures included repeated imperial edicts stressing the importance of maintaining the Mandarin to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and further taking the Mandarin as the state. The official system, the eight banners system, the appointment and examination system of officials, the education system and the imperial examination system have been carried out, which highlights Qianlong's efforts to protect the Mandarin through the strength of the system.
A series of legal measures taken by Qianlong to protect the "Mandarin" have yielded obvious results. For example, the number of people studying and using the "Mandarin" has increased greatly, and the application of the "Mandarin" has become more and more extensive. The historical phenomenon of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty has not only been emphasized and strongly advocated by Qianlong himself, but also is more necessary to safeguard the long-term rule of the Qing Dynasty. These positive and negative historical experiences and lessons are undoubtedly worthy of our careful summary.
This paper is divided into four chapters: introduction and introduction.
The introduction mainly expounds the origin of the problem, research significance, research status and research methods and other issues. As the beginning of the article, we should first clarify the "problem awareness" of writing this article, the theoretical and practical significance of the study and the current academic research status and other issues.
The first chapter is about the concept of "Guoyu" and "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is to clarify the concept of "Guoyu" and point out what "Guoyu" means in the Qing Dynasty and the differences and connections between "Guoyu" and other related concepts. The special legal status of "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty is the basis and precondition of this thesis. The second section, from the perspective of historical development, preliminarily combs out the historical development process of the "national language" in the Qing Dynasty: the third section, studies the significance of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The second chapter is the main part of this paper. The first section emphasizes the importance of protecting the national language. The second section emphasizes the use of the national language in the Eight Banners. The third section emphasizes the use of the national language by officials.
Chapter three is about strengthening the legal protection of Mandarin in culture and education in the Qianlong Dynasty, which is also the main part of this paper.
The fourth chapter is the reasons and analysis of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty. The first section is the analysis of the main reasons for strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin"; the second section is the achievements of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty; and the third section is the problems of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The concluding part is a summary of this paper. It mainly explains: first, in the process of national governance, maintaining the symbiosis and complementarity of multi-ethnic languages is conducive to national development and national progress; second, the Qing Dynasty through legal measures to protect the national language and writing practices worth learning; third, language and writing as a national cultural heritage. The important carrier must strengthen its protection measures to promote the Chinese culture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K249.3
本文編號：2183841
[Abstract]:In February 1599, Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Gagai to borrow Mongolian characters to create the old Manchu, which made a historic breakthrough in the development of Manchu culture. In 1632, Emperor Taiji ordered Dahai to improve the Manchu script and improve its scope of use. Since then, it has become the official script of the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubtedly a major issue concerning the "national system" of the Qing Dynasty that how the regimes of several nationalities preserved and developed their own languages and languages in the majority of the Han nationality countries and did not repeat the mistakes of the regimes of the Liao, Jin and Yuan nationalities of the previous dynasties. From the day when Emperor Tai Chi of the Qing Dynasty established Manchu as the "national language", the emperors of all previous dynasties tried to adopt effective laws. Legal measures to protect the "national language" have changed greatly since the entry into the customs, but such efforts have never stopped, which is also a basic national policy implemented throughout the Qing Dynasty.
As the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was the first emperor in the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1796). This was what later generations called the "Qianlong Flourishing Age". Among the many emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong was undoubtedly a monarch who had a very national personality and paid great attention to the protection of his national tradition and insisted on the "Manchuria Basics". In the basic state policy, he was the most prominent one in protecting the Mandarin language through institutional measures. Several previous emperors after the Qing Dynasty were forced to take measures to encourage Manchu to learn Chinese culture under the circumstances. As a result, many Manchus became more and more alienated from the Mandarin language of their own nation, even in the middle and late Qianlong period. There was a serious crisis in the use of the Mandarin. Instead of indulging himself, Qianlong adopted a series of legal protective measures to strengthen the Mandarin of the Qing Dynasty. These measures included repeated imperial edicts stressing the importance of maintaining the Mandarin to the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and further taking the Mandarin as the state. The official system, the eight banners system, the appointment and examination system of officials, the education system and the imperial examination system have been carried out, which highlights Qianlong's efforts to protect the Mandarin through the strength of the system.
A series of legal measures taken by Qianlong to protect the "Mandarin" have yielded obvious results. For example, the number of people studying and using the "Mandarin" has increased greatly, and the application of the "Mandarin" has become more and more extensive. The historical phenomenon of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty has not only been emphasized and strongly advocated by Qianlong himself, but also is more necessary to safeguard the long-term rule of the Qing Dynasty. These positive and negative historical experiences and lessons are undoubtedly worthy of our careful summary.
This paper is divided into four chapters: introduction and introduction.
The introduction mainly expounds the origin of the problem, research significance, research status and research methods and other issues. As the beginning of the article, we should first clarify the "problem awareness" of writing this article, the theoretical and practical significance of the study and the current academic research status and other issues.
The first chapter is about the concept of "Guoyu" and "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is to clarify the concept of "Guoyu" and point out what "Guoyu" means in the Qing Dynasty and the differences and connections between "Guoyu" and other related concepts. The special legal status of "Guoyu" in the Qing Dynasty is the basis and precondition of this thesis. The second section, from the perspective of historical development, preliminarily combs out the historical development process of the "national language" in the Qing Dynasty: the third section, studies the significance of strengthening the legal protection of the "national language" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The second chapter is the main part of this paper. The first section emphasizes the importance of protecting the national language. The second section emphasizes the use of the national language in the Eight Banners. The third section emphasizes the use of the national language by officials.
Chapter three is about strengthening the legal protection of Mandarin in culture and education in the Qianlong Dynasty, which is also the main part of this paper.
The fourth chapter is the reasons and analysis of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty. The first section is the analysis of the main reasons for strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin"; the second section is the achievements of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty; and the third section is the problems of strengthening the legal protection of the "Mandarin" in the Qianlong Dynasty.
The concluding part is a summary of this paper. It mainly explains: first, in the process of national governance, maintaining the symbiosis and complementarity of multi-ethnic languages is conducive to national development and national progress; second, the Qing Dynasty through legal measures to protect the national language and writing practices worth learning; third, language and writing as a national cultural heritage. The important carrier must strengthen its protection measures to promote the Chinese culture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K249.3
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