【摘要】：中山國是戰(zhàn)國時期唯一由北方民族建立而列入《戰(zhàn)國策》，并且與華夏國家共同稱王的千乘之國。中山國屢亡屢興，國家發(fā)展歷史和民族構成非常復雜。這導致中山國社會生活禮俗的多樣性、復雜性和混亂性。因此梳理論證中山國社會生活禮俗的各個方面對彌補和促進中山國史的研究，進而推動戰(zhàn)國國別史、民族史等方面的研究都大有裨益。 本文共有十一章，可分為引言、正文(共分九章)和結語三部分。正文中首先對中山國衣、食、住、行等物質札俗進行討論，進而在婚姻禮俗、喪葬禮俗、宗教信仰禮俗、文字語言禮俗等方面進行研究，并對文獻記載的中山國好游戲、男女無別、盜墓私鑄等奇特的習俗進行了考證。 第一 中山居住與建筑禮俗主要包括選址和規(guī)劃原則、住宅與其它建筑類型、建筑和裝飾風格、室內陳設四方面。中山國居住與建筑習俗既在總體上具備戰(zhàn)國時期居住與建筑習俗的時代特征，如靈壽城址的布局區(qū)劃原則，各等級分劃極為明顯的住宅類型，戰(zhàn)國時期通行的建筑方式和建筑材料等等。但是在某些具體的方面又存在自身的特點，，如建筑式樣中高臺建筑的稀少，建筑材料樸素無華的風格等等，這些應該是文獻記載中關于狄族的風俗習慣的表現(xiàn)。 第二 中山服飾習俗主要包括服飾的原料和種類、裝飾品特點、服飾式樣三方面。中山之地金質耳飾、腕飾和金虎形飾牌，有柄銅鏡，銅璜組佩、帶鉤等北方民族風格的裝飾品占一定比例。中山靈壽城址時期中山國有在佩玉上書寫人名、吉祥祝語以避邪求福的特殊佩玉習俗。中山國男女性的服飾式樣都有深衣，還有具有明顯的戎狄風格武士服飾、多支長羽裝飾的武冠、中山女性的窄袖長袍、牛角形發(fā)髻等。中山服飾習俗既具有鮮明的本民族自身特點，與其它中原、齊魯和吳楚等地區(qū)的風俗也有某些相似之處。中山服飾習俗充分體現(xiàn)了北方戎狄部族服飾習俗與中原服飾習俗相融合的特點。 第三 中山飲食禮俗包括飲食結構和加工貯藏及制作方法、飲食器具、各階層飲食習俗及其它風尚三方面。中山國的飲食結構中包括各種糧食、家畜家禽及獵獲野獸、水果和酒等飲料。中山之人用石碾、石磨(或陶磨)，石臼等加工糧食，利用窖穴和陶器貯藏食物，并用蒸、煮、烤、風干等方式制作出各種各樣的食物。中山國不同時期的飲食器具具有不同的特點，折射了中山國飲食習俗的階級性和禮制化過程。春秋至戰(zhàn)國早期的中山飲食器具開始出現(xiàn)鼎、豆、壺、匝的器物組合。戰(zhàn)國早期出現(xiàn)的銅換具有北方民族特色，是鮮虞為白狄別種的佐證。戰(zhàn)國靈壽城址時期的飲食器具已經具有了鮮明的階級性，其中中山王的飲食器具中銅鼎和銅壺的使用情況已經與華夏禮制相類。此外中山國普遍存在嗜酒之風，上層社會的飲食習俗中有奢侈之風氣，并形成了一定的飲食衛(wèi)生習俗。 第四 中山交通行旅禮俗包括道路交通、行旅方式和交通工具、出行禮俗及旅行生活三個方面。中山國國內存在南北、東西、西北三條主干道與其它地區(qū)進行交往，以國都靈壽城址為中心形成國內交通網。中山國的行旅方式有乘車、乘舟、步行三種。中山國戰(zhàn)國早期的車制非常古老，為適應山地行駛需要形成整體狹長低矮的地域性特征。 第五 中山婚姻與家庭禮俗包括一夫多妻制和一夫一妻制。一夫多妻制是以中山王為首的貴族階層的主要婚姻形式，一些平民上層也可通過購買婢妾等方式形成一夫多妻制。在這種 一夫多妻的家庭形態(tài)中，眾多女性及其子女之間劃分為若干等級，父權強大，中山王在家庭 內部享有對其它家庭成員的財富、地位及生命的予奪大權。一夫一妻制是中山國內下層平民 的主要婚姻方式，一般貴族也有采用一夫一妻制者。在一夫一妻制家庭內部，中山女子與男 子分工勞動，共同占有家庭財產，地位比較平等，中山女子享有較多的自由和一定的財產， 父親對子女享有一定的權威。 第六中山喪葬禮俗包括墓地制度、墓葬形制、葬式、隨葬器物和中山喪葬習俗特色研究 五方面。墓地制度包括族墓地、王族“公墓”和中山王陵園。在墓葬形制方面，’各時期中山 墓葬按墓葬面積大小可分為四類。春秋和戰(zhàn)國早期的中山墓葬只存在中小型墓葬。春秋時期 主要有殉人墓與非殉人墓的區(qū)分。戰(zhàn)國早期有土坑豎穴墓與土坑豎穴積石墓、積沙墓的不同。 戰(zhàn)國靈壽城址時期墓葬可分為大型中山君主墓葬、較大型貴族墓葬、陪葬墓和其它中小型墓 葬四類，顯示了強烈的等級劃分。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期中山身體葬式可分為六種，仰身直肢葬是普 遍存在的葬式。春秋至戰(zhàn)國靈壽城址時期墓向北向者漸多。春秋和戰(zhàn)國早期墓葬中一般隨葬 各種實用器物，隨葬器物中存在明顯的北方民族特點。靈壽城址時期不同階層墓葬中都隨葬 有陶禮器。陶禮器的數(shù)量、種類和制造工藝等隨時間和階級不同而各異，但并未形成嚴格的 禮制區(qū)分。此外，中山之地的石構墓葬俗、喪葬用色習俗以及隨葬器物造型和紋飾都顯示了 中山之地喪葬習俗的特色。 第七中山宗教信仰禮俗包括對祖先上帝的崇拜祭祀、自然神靈崇拜、玉卜和相術三方面. 中山社會各階層都有崇拜祭祀祖先上帝習俗。祖先祭祀使用大量的獵獲物為祭品，夜廟合一 的墓祭禮俗是中山之地的特色。中山國自然神靈崇拜包括山川崇拜、社櫻崇拜等。中山
[Abstract]:The state of Zhongshan is the only country established by the northern nation in the Warring States period, which is included in the national policy of the war of war and the nation of thousand multiplying with the state of China. The country of Zhongshan has been perish repeatedly, the history of the national development and the constitution of the nation are very complicated. This leads to the diversity, complexity and confusion of the social life and customs of Zhongshan. Therefore, it combs and demonstrates the social life of Zhongshan. All aspects of etiquette and custom are of great benefit to make up for and promote the study of the history of Zhongshan, and then promote the study of the national history and national history of the Warring States.
There are eleven chapters in this paper, which can be divided into introduction, text (altogether nine chapters) and conclusion three parts. The main body of the text is the discussion of Zhongshan national clothing, food, living, and practice, and then studies the marriage ceremony and customs, funeral customs, religious belief etiquette and custom, language etiquette and custom and so on, and the good games of the documents recorded in Zhongshan, the men and women are no different, robber. The peculiar customs of the cemetery have been tested.
The first Zhongshan residential and architectural rituals mainly include location and planning principles, residential and other architectural types, architectural and decorative styles, and indoor furnishings in four aspects. The habitation and architectural customs of Zhongshan both have the characteristics of the times of residence and architectural customs in the Warring States period as a whole, such as the principle of the layout division of the Lingshou city site. The obvious residential type, the way of building and the building materials in the Warring States period, and so on. But in some specific aspects, there are its own characteristics, such as the scarcity of the tall buildings in the architectural style, the simple style of the building materials, and so on. These should be the manifestation of the customs in the literature.
Second Zhongshan clothing custom mainly includes the raw materials and types of clothing, ornament features, clothing style three aspects. Zhongshan land gold earrings, wrist ornaments and gold tigers, bronze mirrors, copper Juan, hook and other northern ethnic style ornaments account for a certain proportion. Zhongshan Lingshou city site period of Zhongshan state in peyu writing the name, auspicious, auspicious The special custom of greeting to avoid evil and seeking blessing. Nakayama Kunio women's dress style has deep clothes, there are obvious military dress of the military style, many long plume ornaments, Zhongshan women's narrow sleeves robes, hornhead bun, and so on. The custom of Zhongshan clothing has its own distinctive national characteristics, and other Central Plains, Qilu and Wu Chu. The costume custom of Zhongshan fully embodies the characteristics of the integration of the costume custom of the Rongdi tribe in the north and the costume custom of the Central Plains.
Third the catering customs and customs of Zhongshan include diet structure and processing and storage and production methods, eating utensils, dietary customs and other customs of other three aspects. The food structure of Zhongshan includes all kinds of food, livestock and poultry and hunting wild animals, fruit and wine. Zhongshan people use stone milling, stone mill (or pottery mill), stone mortar and other processed food, and make use of food. The pit and pottery stored food, and made various kinds of food with steaming, cooking, roasting, and air drying. The different characteristics of the dietetic instruments in different periods of Zhongshan reflected the class nature and the process of etiquette of the food custom in Zhongshan. In the spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States, the Zhongshan drinking utensils began to appear in the utensils of the beans, pots and turns. The copper exchange in the early period of the country has the characteristics of the northern ethnic group, which is the evidence of the white dietitian species. The eating utensils in the Warring States period of Lingshou have already had a distinct class character. Among them, the use of copper pots and copper pots in the dietetic instruments of the Zhongshan king has been similar to the Chinese etiquette system. In this country, there is a common habit of drinking in Zhongshan and the upper society. The custom of eating is luxurious and has formed certain custom of eating and drinking hygiene.
Fourth Zhongshan traffic travel etiquette and travel customs include road traffic, travel mode and transportation, travel etiquette and travel life three aspects. Zhongshan country exists north and south, East and West, three main main roads in the northwest and other areas, take the city of Lingshou as the center to form a domestic traffic network. The way of Zhongshan is to travel by car, boat, step In the early Warring States Period, the car system of Zhongshan State was very old. To meet the needs of mountainous driving, the whole narrow and low regional characteristics were formed.
Fifth the marriage and family etiquette in Zhongshan includes polygamy and monogamy. Polygamy is the main form of marriage of the aristocratic class headed by Zhongshan king. Some civilians can also form polygamy by buying maidservant concubines.
In the polygamous family form, many women and their children are divided into several ranks, the patriarchal power is strong, and the Zhongshan king is in the family.
It enjoys the wealth, status and life of other members of the family. Monogamy is a lower class citizen in Zhongshan.
The main way of marriage is that the general aristocracy also adopts monogamy. In the monogamous family, Zhongshan women and men
Sub division of labor, CO occupation of family property, equality of status, Zhongshan women enjoy more freedom and certain property.
A father has a certain authority over his children.
Sixth the funeral rites and customs of Zhongshan include the cemetery system, tombs, burial style, funerary objects and the characteristics of Zhongshan's funeral customs.
On the five hand, the cemetery system includes clan cemetery, Royal Cemetery and Zhongshan cemetery. In the form of tombs, "Zhongshan in different periods"
Tombs can be divided into four categories according to the size of tombs. There are only small and medium-sized tombs in Zhongshan tombs during the spring and Autumn period and the early Warring States period.
There are mainly differences between martyrs' tombs and non martyrs' tombs. In the early Warring States period, there were earth caves and vertical grave tombs and stone pits in vertical pits.
The tombs of Lingshou during the Warring States period can be divided into large Zhongshan monarch tombs, larger aristocratic tombs, burial tombs and other small and medium-sized tombs.
There are four types of burial, showing a strong hierarchy. In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, there were six kinds of body burial in Zhongshan.
In the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the tombs of the city site of Lingshou gradually spread to the north.
There are obvious characteristics of northern nationalities in all kinds of practical implements and funerary objects. Burials of different classes in the city site of Lingshou are buried.
There are pottery vessels. The quantity, type and manufacturing process of pottery vessels vary with time and class, but they do not form strict rules.
In addition, the stone structure tombs in Zhongshan, the customs of funeral decorations and the forms and decorations of funerary objects show.
The characteristics of the funeral customs of the Zhongshan land.
Seventh the religious etiquette and custom of Zhongshan includes three aspects: worship of ancestor god, worship of natural gods, Yu Bu and physiognomy.
All walks of life in Zhongshan enjoy worship of ancestors and gods. Ancestor worship uses a large number of hunted objects as offerings.
The custom of the memorial ceremony is a feature of Zhongshan. The worship of natural gods in Zhongshan includes mountains and rivers, and the worship of clubs. Zhongshan.
【學位授予單位】：鄭州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2003
【分類號】：K231

【引證文獻】

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本文編號：2165891