本文選題：火器 + 大清　； 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：火器與清朝內(nèi)陸亞洲邊疆的形成有密切聯(lián)系。16世紀，以火繩槍為代表的西洋火器傳入遠東，成為日本、明朝主要的步兵火器。1592-1598年的“壬辰衛(wèi)國戰(zhàn)爭”（文祿·av長之役），兩國火繩槍傳入李朝，一變而成李朝重整軍備的首選火器。1619-1636年，在與金/清沖突中，李朝鳥銃傳入清朝。朝鮮附清后，清朝數(shù)次征調(diào)朝鮮鳥銃手，投入進軍中原的戰(zhàn)爭。在歐亞大陸另一端，擺脫金帳汗國控制的俄羅斯利用火器優(yōu)勢，吞沒多個伊斯蘭汗國，迅速擴張至黑龍江流域，與清朝進行長達37年的武裝沖突。清朝為取得火器優(yōu)勢，多次從京師、奉天、寧古塔調(diào)發(fā)火器、火器手至黑龍江，還一度征發(fā)李朝鳥銃手參戰(zhàn)，終于將哥薩克逐出黑龍江流域。16世紀以降，奧斯曼帝國的火器流布中亞，直接影響該地區(qū)的歷史走向，形成薩菲、莫臥兒兩大“火藥帝國”。在這一歷史進程中，衛(wèi)拉特蒙古（都爾本衛(wèi)拉特）中的準噶爾（綽羅斯）依靠積聚火器脫穎而出，組織了準噶爾汗國，并在和清朝曠日持久戰(zhàn)爭中，將以“贊巴拉克”為代表的中亞火器傳入清朝，成為18-19世紀清朝主要的輕型火器。為抵消準噶爾的威脅，清朝在1683年組建漢軍火器營，，督以專官，演練齊射戰(zhàn)術(shù)，遂成17世紀末東亞最強大的火器軍隊，在與噶爾丹博碩克圖的戰(zhàn)爭中起到關(guān)鍵作用。其營制為滿洲火器營、八旗駐防和綠旗提供了藍本。然而，清軍在與裝備火器，精于騎射的準噶爾軍隊作戰(zhàn)時，并非無往不利。1731年，清軍在阿爾泰山脈中的和通泊完敗，陣亡率超過70%，在喀爾喀等處的統(tǒng)治一度動搖，亦可看出準噶爾軍力的強勁，以及清朝開拓內(nèi)陸亞洲邊疆的艱辛。15-17世紀，亞洲大陸自西向東崛起奧斯曼、薩菲、莫臥兒、大清四個帝國，她們均由來自內(nèi)陸亞洲，擅長騎射的游牧部落（塞爾柱突厥、土庫曼、突厥-蒙兀、滿洲）建立。在崛起過程中，火器都發(fā)揮了重要作用，被稱為“火藥帝國”。她們的衰落亦與火器落伍，難以抵抗外來勢力有關(guān)。這究竟是歷史必然，還是巧合。
[Abstract]:Firearms were closely related to the formation of the inland Asian frontier of the Qing Dynasty. In the 16th century, Western firearms, represented by fire rope guns, were introduced into the far East and became Japan. The main infantry firearm of Ming Dynasty. 1592-1598 "Nanchen Patriotic War" (long battle of Wen Lu av), the two countries fire rope gun introduced to Li Dynasty, the first choice firearm. 1619-1636, in the conflict with Jin / Qing Dynasty, Li Chao bird blunders were introduced to the Qing Dynasty. After Korea attached Qing Dynasty, Qing Dynasty several times enlist North Korea bird blunderbuss hand, enter the war of Central Plains. On the other side of Eurasia, Russia, freed from the control of the Golden account and Khan, used its firearm advantage to engulf several Islamic khanates, rapidly expanding into the Heilongjiang Valley, and engaged in 37 years of armed conflict with the Qing Dynasty. In order to gain the advantage of firearms, the Qing Dynasty repeatedly transferred firearms from the capital, Fengtian, Ningguta, firearms to Heilongjiang, and at one point it also called for Li Chao's bird blunderbuss to fight, and finally drove Cossacks out of the Heilongjiang basin in the 16th century. The firearms of the Ottoman Empire spread over Central Asia, which directly influenced the historical trend of the region and formed the two "gunpowder empires" of Safi and Mughal. In this historical process, Junggar (nicknamed Ross) in Werlat Mongolia (Duerbenweilat) stood out by accumulating firearms, organized the Junggar khanate, and in the long war with the Qing Dynasty, The firearms of Central Asia, represented by Zambalak, were introduced into the Qing Dynasty and became the main light firearms in the Qing Dynasty in the 18-19 th century. In order to counteract the threat of Junggar, the Qing Dynasty set up the firearms battalion of the Han army in 1683, using special officers to practice the tactics of firing together, thus becoming the most powerful firearm army in East Asia at the end of the 17th century, which played a key role in the war with Karmambo Ketu. Its camp for Manchuria firearm battalion, eight banners garrison and green flag to provide the blueprint. However, when the Qing army fought against the Junggar army, which was equipped with firearms and was good at riding and shooting, it did not go unfavorable. In 1731, the Qing army was completely defeated in the Altai Mountains, losing more than 70% of its life, and shaking its rule in places such as Khalkha. We can also see the strength of Junggar's military power, and the hardships of the Qing Dynasty in opening up inland Asian frontiers. In the 15th and 17th centuries, the Asian continent rose from west to east to the four empires of Osman, Safi, Mughal, and Qing, all of which came from inland Asia. Nomadic tribes good at riding (Serzhu Turkic, Turkmen, Turkic, Manchuria) were established. In the process of rising, firearms played an important role, known as the gunpowder empire. Their decline was also associated with the fall of firearms, which made it difficult to resist foreign forces. Is this a historical necessity or a coincidence?
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：E295;K249

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