本文選題：清代 + 東北地區(qū)��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：東北地區(qū),氣候多樣,林木茂密,草原廣袤,資源豐饒,是清初我國生態(tài)環(huán)境較好的地區(qū)之一。有清一代,雖然政府對東北邊疆管理政策不斷調(diào)整,但內(nèi)地人民進入東北的步伐并沒有被遏止。無論是政府公開經(jīng)營,還是流民私自開發(fā),他們對東北地區(qū)各種資源的開發(fā),均導(dǎo)致了生態(tài)環(huán)境的變化。本文在利用檔案、實錄、方志及考察筆記等資料的基礎(chǔ)上,以“自然生態(tài)-自然災(zāi)害-政府管理-民眾開發(fā)”四個相關(guān)層面的研究視角,對清代東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境變遷分階段進行研究。 清軍入關(guān)前,為了斗爭和發(fā)展需要,清政府不斷把東北人口向遼河?xùn)|岸地區(qū)集中。雖然促進了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟發(fā)展,但也使得人口遷出地的人口更加稀少,生態(tài)環(huán)境更加原始。隨著清軍入關(guān),東北人口大量內(nèi)遷,人煙較為稠密的遼河?xùn)|岸地區(qū)也變成了地曠人稀的榛莽荒原。為充實根本之地,順治十年(1658年),清政府頒布“遼東招墾令”,積極招徠內(nèi)地人口移居?xùn)|北,初步改變了東北南部地區(qū)的荒涼。 康熙、雍正年間,清政府一方面沿襲順治朝的招墾政策,繼續(xù)鼓勵內(nèi)地人民遷居?xùn)|北；另一方面把大量流人發(fā)配東北,戍邊開發(fā)。大量民人和流人的進入,促進當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)和城鎮(zhèn)繁榮,也進一步改變了當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。為強化管理,清政府在東北修筑了柳條邊,設(shè)立了圍場和牧場,劃定了若干禁區(qū),其目的雖是為了滿足皇室和政府的特殊需要,但也規(guī)范了普通民眾的開發(fā)范圍,并在一定程度上保護了禁區(qū)內(nèi)的生態(tài)資源和自然環(huán)境。同時,清政府還設(shè)立盛京內(nèi)務(wù)府、打牲烏拉總管衙門和布特哈衙門等特殊機構(gòu),以官方形式采挖人參,捕捉貂鼠等珍稀生物資源；設(shè)立伐木山場制度,官方采伐山林。這些政府行為也深刻影響了東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境。另外,該時期東北的自然災(zāi)害相對較少,地點也主要集中在遼河西岸地區(qū)。清政府采取一系列措施積極應(yīng)對,在一定程度上緩解了自然災(zāi)害對當(dāng)?shù)厝宋沫h(huán)境的破壞。 從乾隆五年(1740年)至道光三十年(1850年),清政府為了維護皇室和旗人利益,頒布了封禁令,限制內(nèi)地人民前往東北。于此同時,清政府陸續(xù)把京師的旗人向東北遷移,墾荒僻壤,與流民爭奪資源。不僅如此,清政府還不斷加強對盛京內(nèi)務(wù)府等特殊機構(gòu)的管理,加大對東北珍稀動植物資源的開發(fā)力度；強化對東北各地木稅局的管理,增加對森林資源的開發(fā)強度。雖偶有政府允民出關(guān)的行為,但在總體上清政府還是施行封禁措施。為滿足生存和發(fā)展需要,大量內(nèi)地民眾不斷沖破政府的封禁,潛入封禁區(qū)域,從事私墾、私采、私伐和偷獵等經(jīng)濟活動。政府行為和流民活動的增強,對東北生態(tài)環(huán)境造成很大影響,森林面積退縮,野生動植物銳減。隨著生態(tài)環(huán)境的退化,東北地區(qū)自然災(zāi)害也不斷加劇,受災(zāi)范圍逐漸擴大。為應(yīng)對災(zāi)害,政府主導(dǎo),社會協(xié)同,多措并舉,大大減輕了自然災(zāi)害造成的人員傷亡和社會經(jīng)濟破壞。 降至晚清,清政府逐漸弛禁,開始局部放墾,招徠民人墾殖,東北開發(fā)進入新階段。人口的增加,城鎮(zhèn)的繁榮,農(nóng)田的擴展,資源消耗的加劇,導(dǎo)致東北生態(tài)環(huán)境失衡加重。近代以來,俄國、日本等列強不僅侵占了我國東北的大片領(lǐng)土,更是大肆掠奪資源,嚴(yán)重破壞了生態(tài)環(huán)境。 光緒二十一年(1895年),為挽救統(tǒng)治和實民固邊,清政府最終解除了對東北的封禁,鼓勵內(nèi)地人民移居?xùn)|北,施行全面放墾,在對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有促進的同時,對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響也逐漸加大。另外,朝鮮人也大量進入東北定居,開荒種地,開發(fā)東北資源,影響了當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。經(jīng)過二百余年的開發(fā),清末的東北生態(tài)環(huán)境已經(jīng)發(fā)生巨大變化,珍稀資源銳減,草原沙漠化加劇,水土流失嚴(yán)重,河流淤塞,航運受阻,自然災(zāi)害發(fā)生頻率加快,鼠疫等大型災(zāi)疫的爆發(fā),更是嚴(yán)重危害了東北社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。 總之,清代東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境變遷的內(nèi)容主要體現(xiàn)為生態(tài)資源的大量消耗和自然地貌的改變。其變遷在很大程度上受到清政府的管理政策、人口流動與分布、資源開發(fā)方式、自然災(zāi)害等因素的影響,并貫穿于清代東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境演變的始終。近代以降,隨著外國列強侵略加深,東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境的退化加劇,從而構(gòu)成近代東北地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境演變的新特點。
[Abstract]:In the north - east area , the climate is diverse , the forest is dense , the grassland is vast , the resources are abundant , it is one of the areas in which the ecological environment is better in the early Qing Dynasty . In spite of the government ' s open operation and the development of the Northeast frontier management policy , the development of various resources in Northeast China has led to the change of the ecological environment .

In order to fight and develop the Qing army , the Qing government keeps the northeast population concentrated in the east coast of Liaohe River . Although it has promoted the local economic development , the population moved out of the land is more scarce and the ecological environment is more primitive .

During the reign of Emperor Kang Xi and Yongzheng , the Qing government , on the one hand , inherited the land reclamation policy of the DPRK , and continued to encourage the people of the mainland to move to the northeast ;
In order to meet the special needs of the royal family and the government , the Qing government has set up a number of forbidden zones in order to meet the special needs of the royal family and the government .
In addition , the natural disasters in the northeast of the period are relatively few and the locations are mainly concentrated in the West Bank of Liaohe River .

The Qing government has issued a ban on the protection of the interests of the royal family and the flag , the Qing government issued a ban on the protection of the interests of the royal family and the flag , and imposed a ban on the mainland ' s people to go to the northeast . At the same time , the Qing government moved the flag of the capital to the northeast , reclaimed wasteland and fought for resources with the people .
In order to meet the needs of survival and development , a large number of people in the mainland continue to break down the government ' s ban on the ecological environment , the forest area is shrinking , and the wild animals and plants are reduced . With the deterioration of the ecological environment , the natural disasters in the Northeast region have been intensified .

In the late Qing Dynasty , the Qing government gradually relaxed , began local reclamation , recruited the people to cultivate , and the northeast developed into the new stage . The increase of the population , the prosperity of the towns , the expansion of the farmland and the intensification of the resource consumption caused the imbalance of the northeast ecological environment . Since the modern times , the Russian and Japanese powers have not only invaded the large tracts of the northeast of our country , but also plundered the resources and seriously damaged the ecological environment .

After more than two hundred years of development , the north - east ecological environment of the Qing Dynasty has changed greatly , and the natural environment has been affected by the development of more than two hundred years , the grassland desertification is intensified , the soil erosion is serious , the river siltation , the navigation is blocked , the frequency of natural disasters is accelerated , and the plague is caused by the outbreak of the large - scale plague , and the economic development of the northeast society is seriously jeopardized .

In short , the content of eco - environmental changes in the northeast of Qing Dynasty is mainly embodied as the great consumption of ecological resources and the change of natural landscape . The changes of ecological environment in the northeast of Qing Dynasty are influenced by factors such as government ' s management policy , population flow and distribution , resource development mode , natural disaster and so on .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K249;X171

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