本文選題：明代 + 內(nèi)閣制　； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2004年碩士論文

【摘要】：明代內(nèi)閣是一個(gè)不斷演變的政治組織，它肇建于永樂年間，以正統(tǒng)七年翰林院遷出文淵閣為正式形成標(biāo)志。明代內(nèi)閣制則是以明代內(nèi)閣政治為基礎(chǔ)的政治制度，它擁有一套系統(tǒng)而完整的政治設(shè)施作為保障。內(nèi)閣過(guò)渡為永久性的政治機(jī)構(gòu)、票擬制與首輔制確立是其形成的三大界標(biāo)。 明代內(nèi)閣制的緣起可追溯至相權(quán)與君權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng)過(guò)程。兩漢以降，相權(quán)的弱化與君權(quán)的強(qiáng)化是一個(gè)總體的歷史趨勢(shì)。朱元璋稱帝后，以胡惟庸案為契機(jī)，，廢除了沿革一千多年的宰相制度，并試圖以四輔官和殿閣大學(xué)士取代消失的宰相。這種政治改革雖因其先天的政治發(fā)育不良而流產(chǎn)，但它卻在某種程度上為后世內(nèi)閣的創(chuàng)立埋下了伏筆。 明代內(nèi)閣制發(fā)端于永樂朝的內(nèi)閣肇建。靖難之役后，朱棣出于建立親己的官僚集團(tuán)目的，啟用了一些職位低微的翰林學(xué)士組成內(nèi)閣。內(nèi)閣肇建時(shí)隸屬于文淵閣，閣臣入直亦稱為“入直文淵閣”。內(nèi)閣預(yù)機(jī)務(wù)是高度機(jī)密的，因而作為內(nèi)閣的辦事場(chǎng)所設(shè)在奉天門中東側(cè)東角門內(nèi)，它與奉天門內(nèi)的文淵閣有一定的距離。遷都北京后，明成祖仿南京舊制亦設(shè)文淵閣與內(nèi)閣，后世陸續(xù)有損益，直至崇禎時(shí)毀于兵燹。正統(tǒng)七年，翰林院新署落成，文淵閣遂成為內(nèi)閣專有官署，內(nèi)閣由臨時(shí)性政治機(jī)構(gòu)過(guò)渡為永久性的政治設(shè)施。永樂時(shí)七名閣臣入直預(yù)機(jī)務(wù)，兼有顧問(wèn)與秘書的雙重職能，他們的主要任務(wù)是入閣治事與扈從行營(yíng)，他們的榮辱進(jìn)退，取決于朱棣對(duì)他們的政治能力、道德品質(zhì)及私人情感的認(rèn)同程度，這最終造成了七人霄壤之別的政治際遇。 明代內(nèi)閣制定型于票擬制與首輔制的確立。票擬分為視草與批答兩種情況，前者指草擬皇帝的敕旨詔令，形成于洪熙年間：后者是對(duì)地方及中央奏啟提出批閱意見，正式確立于正統(tǒng)年間。票擬使得內(nèi)閣權(quán)力獲得大幅度的提升，是內(nèi)閣制最終形成的一個(gè)重要的分水嶺。首輔制確立于嘉靖年間，是時(shí)，嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)憂外患要求明中央政府提高辦事效率，為迅速?zèng)Q策，內(nèi)閣中就必須形成主次之分。張璁、夏言、嚴(yán)嵩、徐階、高拱、張居正等人當(dāng)任時(shí)，鞏固并加強(qiáng)了首輔的地位。首輔權(quán)重，成為大臣傾軋對(duì)象。首輔制使得內(nèi)閣等級(jí)為之一肅，明代內(nèi)閣制也得以完全形成。 總體而言，明代內(nèi)閣屬于次君權(quán)力集團(tuán)，這是因?yàn)樽鳛闆Q策層的內(nèi)閣，在權(quán)力上高于作為執(zhí)行層的部院；其次，在皇權(quán)控制的決策系統(tǒng)中，內(nèi)閣仰附于司禮監(jiān)的時(shí)間較少；還有，由于機(jī)構(gòu)的慣性力量與閣臣的人格魅力，內(nèi)閣在決策過(guò)程中常常處于主導(dǎo)地位。在具體的權(quán)力變化進(jìn)程中，內(nèi)閣經(jīng)歷了論思備顧問(wèn)、行宰相部分職能及行宰相職權(quán)的三個(gè)階段。內(nèi)閣的宰相化始終沒有得到君權(quán)法定的首肯，內(nèi)閣處于一種有相職相責(zé)、無(wú)相名相權(quán)的尷尬境地，它以無(wú)權(quán)之官，強(qiáng)作有權(quán)之事，迫受過(guò)望之責(zé)，這就是明代內(nèi)閣最終以悲劇收?qǐng)龅闹饕颉?br/>[Abstract]:The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty is an evolving political organization , which has been established in Yongle years . It is a political system based on the Ming Dynasty ' s cabinet politics . It has a set of system and complete political facilities as the guarantee . The Cabinet is a permanent political institution , and the system of drafting and the first auxiliary system is established as the three landmarks formed by it .








The reason of the cabinet system in Ming Dynasty can be traced back to the process of the struggle between the right and the monarch . The weakening of the right and the strengthening of the monarch are an overall historical trend .








In the Ming Dynasty , the cabinet was established by the cabinet of Yongle . After Jing ' s service , Zhu Di , for the purpose of setting up his own bureaucratic group , has set up a cabinet with low - micro Hanlin . After moving to Beijing , the cabinet is established in the eastern corner of the cabinet . The cabinet is composed of temporary political institutions . It is a permanent political facility . The main task is to enter the government and the public . Their honor and disgrace are dependent on the political power , moral character and the degree of identity of the private feelings .








In the period of Jiajing , the former refers to the imperial decree of the emperor , which is formed in the reign of Hongxi . The latter is an important watershed in the final formation of the cabinet . The first auxiliary system is established in Jiajing period .








In general , the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ming Dynasty belongs to the sub - monarch power group , because as the cabinet of the decision - making layer , it is higher in power than that of the executive layer ;
Secondly , in the decision - making system under the control of imperial power , the time of the cabinet to be attached to the supervisor is relatively few ;
Moreover , because of the inertia force of the organization and the personality charm of the Cabinet , the cabinet is often dominant in the decision - making process . In the course of the concrete power change , the Cabinet has experienced three stages of thinking and preparation , the functions of the prime minister and the power of the prime minister .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號(hào)】：K248

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 張思;張居正賦稅改革思想及其法律實(shí)踐[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2011年

2 張玉月;楊士奇與明前期政局[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年

本文編號(hào)：2069819