本文選題：元朝 + 儒學教化�。� 參考：《華東師范大學》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 從儒學教化的意義上來說,百年元代不是一個可以忽視的朝代。在這個疆域近兩倍于現(xiàn)今中國國土且延續(xù)百年之久的國度里,儒學教化確實發(fā)生著,并且逐步占據(jù)了意識形態(tài)的主導地位。它上承南宋理學發(fā)展壯大之趨勢,下啟明清理學滲入民眾并發(fā)揮作用之源頭,具有明顯的初級階段特色。因此,本文所言之“儒學教化”,其實就是指理學作為在中國封建社會后期的官方意識形態(tài),是怎樣在元朝這樣一個憑借武力而建立的軍事征服性政權(quán)的統(tǒng)治下獲得教化主導地位并逐漸向民間傳播的過程。 元朝的統(tǒng)一,結(jié)束了南北分立的局面,使理學學說獲得了極大的傳播空間,因此在不長時間內(nèi),理學學說就傳入江淮以北的廣大地區(qū),并逐漸獲得了元朝統(tǒng)治者的認可而成為官方意識形態(tài)。本文把元朝延yP初年恢復科舉并以程朱理學為其唯一考試內(nèi)容作為儒學獲得教化主導權(quán)的標志。這一點被明清兩代所繼承,使理學成為中國封建社會的主導地位的意識形態(tài),從而對13世紀以后一直到20世紀初的中國社會產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。 元代儒學教化是多途的。在元朝,理學成為官方意識形態(tài),法律也成為教化的途徑之一。故元朝的成文法典雖不發(fā)達,然而其內(nèi)容也體現(xiàn)了理學的存在；在其執(zhí)行過程中,官吏們常以“義理”來勸諭兩造,教化民眾,以達到儒家理想的“息訟”的目的。元代地方官吏中有很多“循吏”,他們通過修建學校和廟宇、興利除弊、移風易俗、息訟勸農(nóng)等方式來教化鄉(xiāng)里,從而把理學觀念推進到普通民眾之中。 無疑,體現(xiàn)著官方教育行為的各級官學自然成為傳播理學的主要渠道。無論是中央官學,還是地方官學,程朱理學都成為其主要甚至是唯一的教學內(nèi)容；程端禮的《讀書日程安排》被廣泛采用。官學還通過祭祀、講經(jīng)等方式教化士子,影響百姓,不但使他們接受理學的知識,而且還要求他們成為踐行儒學道德規(guī)范的楷模。當然,在儒學教化上,地方的書院和各種私學所起的作用要更大一些,更深入一些。這些書院和私學多辦學于鄉(xiāng)里,慎于擇師,嚴于教學,又有一定的自由度,常常成為地方教化的中心,對鄉(xiāng)里的民眾發(fā)揮著教化作用。 在整個社會理學風氣日益濃厚的情勢下,作為社會基層組織的宗族和“社”對教化所起的作用也日益明顯。元代是我國宗族宗法制由一般官僚宗法制向庶民型宗族宗法制發(fā)展的過渡時期,庶民家族也逐漸按照理學家的宗族宗法觀念、理想,通過修家譜、建祠堂、立族規(guī)等途徑來教化族眾；而具有元代特色的“社”制,是元代政府企圖將政府力量深入鄉(xiāng)村的制度,它賦予社長監(jiān)督社眾及“上通下達”等職能,以辦社學、立粉牌書寫善惡等方式教化社眾；地方官也常常干預“社”的教化,以增強其教化效果。 同時,社會文化層面的教化作用也逐漸顯露出來。原先深受民眾歡迎的藝術(shù)形式“小說”與“講史”,在元朝逐漸演化成為長篇白話章回小說,如《水滸傳》和《三國演義》,在社會上廣泛流行；由宋代諸宮調(diào)等藝術(shù)形式演變而成的元雜劇,其教化意義也隨著社會理學風氣的日益濃厚而逐漸凸顯；其最典型者,無疑是《琵琶記》。元朝各種各樣的宗教形式,對于儒學教化也起了一定促進作用,特別是道教中的全真教和凈明忠孝道。 必須提出的是,元代儒士是儒學教化的主體。在元朝這樣的以軍事起家的王朝的異族統(tǒng)治下,少數(shù)儒士獲得進入元朝政府內(nèi)部,參與元朝統(tǒng)治,他們想方設(shè)法,來使元朝統(tǒng)治者接受以理學為中心的“漢法”,使理學獲得官方意識形態(tài)的地位；絕大多數(shù)失去了仕進的途徑,多以著述、教授為業(yè),然而,他們以其所擁有的道德與學問,言傳身教,教化鄉(xiāng)里,使理學倫理逐漸滲入到普通民眾的日常行為之中,成為其道德觀、價值觀的核心層面。固然,元代儒士與明清成為教化權(quán)力主體的“紳衿”有著本質(zhì)上的不同,這是元代特定的社會背景造成的。與此相對應,與此相對應,普通民眾是教化的客體,特別是婦女、兒童。 當然,從整體上來看,元代儒學教化應是明朝及其后清朝儒學教化的“初級階段”,主要體現(xiàn)在制度化程度并不強,“多途”程度并不高。這些要到明朝及其后才能完成。論文最后以元代江西行省的金溪縣為案例,詳細分析了金溪儒學教化的具體情況,以說明元代儒學教化在這個江南縣域中所產(chǎn)生的效應。
[Abstract]:In the sense of Confucian enlightenment, the one hundred year Yuan Dynasty was not a dynasty that could be ignored. In this country, which has nearly two times the country's land and lasted for a hundred years, the Confucianism does take place, and gradually occupies the dominant position of ideology. Therefore, the "Confucianism teaching" in this paper refers to how Neo Confucianism, as the official ideology in the late feudal society of China, is how to gain the dominant position under the rule of the military conquest regime established by force in the Yuan Dynasty. And the process of spreading to the folk gradually.
The unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended the division of the north and the South and made the theory of Neo Confucianism a great spread. Therefore, in a long time, the theory of Neo Confucianism was introduced into the vast area of the north of the Huaihe River, and the official ideology was gradually accepted by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. This article restored the imperial examination in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty yP and took Cheng Zhu as its science. The only content of the examination was the symbol of the dominant power of Confucianism, which was inherited by the two dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, making it a dominant ideology in the Chinese feudal society, which had a profound influence on the Chinese society from thirteenth Century to the early twentieth Century.
Confucian doctrines in Yuan Dynasty were multipath. In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucianism became one of the official ideology, and the law became one of the ways of enlightenment. Although the literary code of the Yuan Dynasty was not developed, its content also embodied the existence of Neo Confucianism. In the process of its implementation, the officials often persuaded the people to enlighten the people with the "righteousness" to achieve the "interest of the Confucian ideal". In the Yuan Dynasty, the local officials of the Yuan Dynasty had many "officials". By building schools and temples, they developed advantages and disadvantages, changed customs and customs, and persuaded peasants to enlighten the countryside, thus promoting the concept of science into the common people.
Undoubtedly, official learning at all levels, which embodies the official educational behavior, has become the main channel for the dissemination of science. Whether it is the central government or the local government, Cheng Zhu's geography has become the main and even the only teaching content; Cheng Duan's "reading schedule" is widely used. The people, not only make them accept the knowledge of science, but also require them to be a model for the practice of moral norms of Confucianism. Of course, in the teaching of Confucianism, local academies and various private schools play a larger and deeper role. These academies and private schools run more schools in the countryside, are prudent in choosing teachers, strict in teaching, and have certain freedom degrees. It often becomes the center of local education and plays an enlightening role for the masses in the countryside.
Under the growing situation of the whole social science and science, the clan and the "society" played an increasingly important role in the education. The Yuan Dynasty was the transition period from the general bureaucratic legality to the common people's patriarchal clan system, and the families of the common people were also gradually based on the patriarchal clan patriarchal concept of the Neo Confucianism. Ideally, through the genealogy, the ancestral temple building and the establishment of the clan rules, the "social" system with the Yuan Dynasty's characteristics is the system of the Yuan Dynasty government trying to deepen the government's power into the countryside. It endows the president with the functions of supervising the community and "going up and down", so as to do social science, the Li powder brand writing good and evil and so on. To interfere with the teaching of the "society" in order to enhance its teaching effect.
At the same time, the educational role of the social and cultural level has gradually emerged. The original art form "novel" and "lecture history", originally popular with the people, gradually evolved into long vernacular novels, such as the "Water Margin" and "the romance of the Three Kingdoms", widely popular in the society, and the Yuan zaju evolved from the art forms such as the Song Dynasty palace tune. Its teaching significance has also been gradually highlighted with the growing trend of social science and science; the most typical one is undoubtedly the "Pipa". All kinds of religious forms of the Yuan Dynasty have played a certain role in promoting Confucianism, especially the true religion and the pure loyalty and filial piety in Taoism.
It must be put forward that the Confucian scholar was the main body of Confucianism in Yuan Dynasty. Under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, a few Confucian scholars, under the ruling of the Yuan Dynasty, got into the government of the Yuan Dynasty and participated in the reign of the Yuan Dynasty. They tried every way to make the Yuan Dynasty's rulers accept the "Han law" centered on the Neo Confucianism, which made the science of the official ideology land. Most of the ways, most of which have lost their entry, are mostly written and taught. However, they have gradually infiltrated into the ordinary people's daily behavior with their morality and knowledge, teaching and teaching the countryside, and become the core level of their moral outlook and values. Although the Confucian scholars and Ming and Qing dynasties became the masters of power. The "gentry and the Jin" of the body is essentially different, which is caused by the specific social background of the Yuan Dynasty. Corresponding to this, the common people are the object of enlightenment, especially women and children.
Of course, on the whole, the Confucian education in the Yuan Dynasty should be the "primary stage" of the Confucianism and the post Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, which is mainly embodied in the degree of institutionalization, and the degree of "multipath" is not high. These should be completed in the Ming Dynasty and after that. Finally, the thesis takes Jinxi County in Jin Xi county as a case in Jiangxi Province in Yuan Dynasty and analyzes the Confucianism teaching in detail. To illustrate the effect of Confucian enlightenment in the Jiangnan County in the Yuan Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K247

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