本文選題：唐代 + 災害危機�。� 參考：《首都師范大學》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：唐朝溫暖濕潤的氣候使其成為中國歷史上一個自然災害頻發(fā)的朝代。自然災害的發(fā)生，，從根本上而言是一場危機，它的發(fā)生使社會各層面受到?jīng)_擊，迫使社會各階層做出不同的應對措施，以求平穩(wěn)渡過危機。 一般而言，中國古代自然災害引發(fā)的社會危機，可粗略地概括為兩大方面：一是在社會經(jīng)濟方面。災害給民眾的生產(chǎn)、生活帶來巨大的破壞，減災救災、恢復生產(chǎn)是當務之急；二是社會政治方面。災害沖擊封建統(tǒng)治，政局的動蕩為各社會階層、集團的斗爭提供了新的平臺。關(guān)于災害危機與唐代社會的應對以往學者關(guān)注的重點在于政府的賑災措施，討論的問題多在于災荒救濟方面，如倉儲的建立、救荒制度的實施等等。政府的這些救荒活動一定程度上緩解了饑荒的壓力。但總體來說，政府自我的救助目標永遠高于救助災民的目標，而災荒的惡化也往往是政府的惡劣表現(xiàn)所致。但過去對這方面的研究遠遠不夠，災害危機在政治方面的影響和作用也應引起相應的關(guān)注。 自西漢而來，“天人感應”的“災異天譴論”嚴重影響著唐朝政府對于災荒的處置措施，也是災害危機和影響唐代政治的理論根據(jù)。 災害危機對皇權(quán)形成巨大的沖擊。身為上天在人間代言人的皇帝在災后的應對必然是先對上天負責，他們往往要下詔自譴，采取一系列禳弭災害的行動，如避正殿、減膳、祈禳、出宮女、改元、慮囚、下詔求言等，用現(xiàn)代科學眼光看，有些屬于封建迷信，甚至荒誕不經(jīng)的。其實，從唐代史料看，這些活動有豐富的政治內(nèi)涵，并會對救災以至政局發(fā)生一定的影響；但就當時的實際情況而言，應該加以具體分析，有些措施對于改善災民環(huán)境、穩(wěn)定災民心理、安定社會秩序均具有一定的進步意義，它們與減災救濟活動相輔相成，不能偏廢，是不能全面否定的。 災害危機對朝廷政局產(chǎn)生潛在的影響，如，災害會使太子的確立產(chǎn)生變故；宰相們基于“陰陽燮理”說，而請求辭職禳災；朝廷黨爭也往往利用災害帶來的契機展開：地方官的救助活動配合朝廷進行，實行禳災與救災兩種方式。 災害危機使社會形成動蕩。東突厥、吐蕃、回鶻等少數(shù)民族的命運在災荒的影響下發(fā)生變化，或盛或衰；災荒也影響著朝廷與少數(shù)民族間的關(guān)系；災害的發(fā)生影響到朝廷對待藩鎮(zhèn)的態(tài)度；災害帶來的最大后果是喪失了生產(chǎn)與生活資料的百姓，在政府的不作為，甚至更重的腐敗與剝削下，忍無可忍，為了獲得生存的機會，災民們只好揭竿而起，唐王朝二百九十余年的壽命毀于一旦，災害是其重要原因之一。 認清唐朝各階層在災害時期的不同反應，而不是隨便地以“迷信”或“荒誕”而置之不理，對于豐富唐朝歷史的了解，尤其是對唐代政治的了解是有所裨益的。
[Abstract]:The warm and humid climate of the Tang Dynasty made it a dynasty with frequent natural disasters in Chinese history. The occurrence of natural disasters is fundamentally a crisis, it causes the impact on all levels of society, forcing all strata of society to make different measures, in order to smoothly tide over the crisis. Generally speaking, the social crisis caused by natural disasters in ancient China can be roughly summarized into two aspects: one is in the aspect of social economy. Disasters bring great damage to people's production and life, disaster reduction and disaster relief, recovery of production is the top priority; second, social and political aspects. Disasters hit feudal rule and political unrest provided a new platform for the struggles of various social strata and groups. About the disaster crisis and the response of the Tang Dynasty the scholars paid attention to the relief measures of the government and discussed the problems of relief such as the establishment of storage the implementation of famine relief system and so on. To some extent, the government's relief activities have eased the pressure of famine. But on the whole, the government's goal of self-relief is always higher than that of the disaster victims, and the worsening of famine is often caused by the bad performance of the government. However, the past research on this aspect is far from enough, and the influence and effect of disaster crisis on politics should be paid more attention. Since the Western Han Dynasty, the theory of "Natural and Human Induction" has seriously affected the measures taken by the Tang government to deal with famine, and it is also the theoretical basis for the disaster crisis and the influence on the politics of the Tang Dynasty. The disaster crisis had a great impact on imperial power. The emperor, who is the spokesman of heaven on earth, must be responsible to heaven after the disaster. They often have to punish themselves by taking a series of actions to eliminate disasters, such as avoiding the main hall, reducing meals, praying, leaving the palace, changing the Yuan Dynasty, and worrying about the prisoners. From the modern scientific point of view, some of them belong to feudal superstition or even absurd. In fact, from the historical data of the Tang Dynasty, these activities have rich political connotations and will have a certain impact on disaster relief and even the political situation. However, as far as the actual situation at that time is concerned, it should be analyzed concretely, and some measures have been taken to improve the environment of the victims of disaster. It is of great significance to stabilize the psychology and social order of the victims. They complement each other with the disaster reduction and relief activities, and cannot be abandoned, nor can they be completely negated. The disaster crisis has a potential impact on the political situation of the court, for example, the disaster will cause changes in the establishment of the crown prince, and the prime ministers, based on the theory of "Yin and Yang Xie Li", have requested to resign to limit the disaster; The party contention of the court often takes advantage of the opportunity brought by the disaster: the rescue activities of the local officials are carried out with the court, and the disaster relief are carried out in two ways. The disaster crisis destabilized society. The fate of the minorities such as East Turkic, Tubo, Uighur and so on has changed under the influence of famine, the famine also affects the relationship between the court and the minority nationalities, the occurrence of disaster affects the attitude of the court towards the town. The greatest consequence of the disaster is that the people who have lost their production and means of subsistence are unable to bear the consequences of government inaction, or even more serious corruption and exploitation. In order to get a chance to survive, the victims have to rise up. The life span of 290 years in Tang Dynasty was destroyed, and disaster was one of the important reasons. It is beneficial to enrich the historical understanding of Tang Dynasty, especially to understand the politics of Tang Dynasty, by recognizing the different reactions of all classes in the Tang Dynasty during the disaster period, instead of ignoring it casually by "superstition" or "absurdity".
【學位授予單位】：首都師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K242

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