發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-01 15:36

  本文選題：魏晉南北朝 + 九卿��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 官僚制度史的研究作為中國(guó)古代政治制度史中重要的研究環(huán)節(jié),歷來(lái)都受到相當(dāng)?shù)刂匾暋＝詠?lái),研究中國(guó)政治制度史的著作,大多對(duì)官制有所敘述。本文所要研究的九卿制度就屬于中央官制的一部分。 漢與唐兩個(gè)大一統(tǒng)的王朝經(jīng)常作為中國(guó)早期帝國(guó)的典型而被并舉,漢制與唐制也多為后代所效仿。在近代以來(lái)的研究著作中,漢制與唐制也經(jīng)常是研究者用力最勤的地方。具體到中央官制,漢制被稱為“三公九卿”制,而唐制則被稱為“三省六部”制。西漢武帝中期以后,少府屬官之一的尚書權(quán)勢(shì)漸升,魏晉南北朝時(shí)期進(jìn)而取代三公成宰相機(jī)構(gòu),至唐而三省鼎立,尚書省又下轄六部,完成宰相制度的三百年演變過(guò)程。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,三公、三省、六部的形成與演變研究頗多,而對(duì)于九卿卻研究很少。漢代三公、九卿參與國(guó)政討論,唐代尚書六部與九寺諸監(jiān)有下行上承之關(guān)系,九卿的權(quán)力、地位雖然發(fā)生了變化,但直到滿清,尚有太常、光祿、大理、太仆、鴻臚等寺。延續(xù)兩千年以上的這一整套機(jī)構(gòu),存在的理由就是其為事務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)。偌大的帝國(guó)總得有衙門辦事,在中央,九寺就承擔(dān)了這樣的角色。九寺變?yōu)槭聞?wù)機(jī)關(guān)而著之于法令,則是從唐代開(kāi)始的。而在秦漢以后,唐代以前,即魏晉南北朝時(shí)期的九寺機(jī)關(guān),其職官性質(zhì)及地位如何?這就是本文研究的目的。 通過(guò)本文的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)魏晉南北朝時(shí)期,諸卿之中,太常作為掌管禮儀的官員,廷尉作為掌管司法審判的官員,鴻臚作為掌管外交的官員變化均不太大。光祿在魏晉時(shí)期宿衛(wèi)職能不斷削弱,管理宮廷雜務(wù)的職能卻不斷增強(qiáng)。到了南朝更變成了虛職,北朝則將光祿定位成管理外朝宴會(huì)的機(jī)構(gòu),在太官一職的處理上頗費(fèi)心思。衛(wèi)尉由司宮城宿衛(wèi)之官變?yōu)檎破餍怠⑽奈镏?究其原因,在于魏晉時(shí)期,領(lǐng)、護(hù)等護(hù)衛(wèi)帝王的禁衛(wèi)力量發(fā)展壯大,嚴(yán)重削弱了衛(wèi)尉的原有職能。司農(nóng)由司錢帛糧食之官變?yōu)閷Ｋ炯Z食之官,這應(yīng)當(dāng)與漢魏之際的戰(zhàn)亂頻繁,從而首重糧食有關(guān)。而魏晉南北朝時(shí)期,朝廷仍然有大筆的錢帛出入,魏晉時(shí)期管理錢帛的機(jī)構(gòu)很多都是皇帝的私庫(kù),但這些庫(kù)藏之間統(tǒng)屬關(guān)系暖昧不明。及至南北朝,商品貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展使錢幣的流通大為增加,這從國(guó)家的鑄幣事業(yè)中也可以看出來(lái)。所以設(shè)立一個(gè)專管錢財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)構(gòu),與大司農(nóng)分職,并將零碎的財(cái)政機(jī)關(guān)置于統(tǒng)一的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下,成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急,這就是南北朝時(shí)期太府創(chuàng)立的背景。宗正在魏晉南北朝時(shí)期只管理皇族的圖籍,并非如兩漢般對(duì)宗室有較大的權(quán)力。兩晉時(shí)期設(shè)立的宗師對(duì)于宗正的權(quán)力產(chǎn)生了比較大的影響。宗師就是宗室的“中正”,他對(duì)宗室的教育與選舉具有相當(dāng)大的發(fā)言權(quán),北魏道武帝在設(shè)立宗師之初就明言是仿中正制度的,目的就在于辨宗黨、別人才。隨著中正制度的衰弱,仿中正制的宗師制到了唐代就不再看到了。太仆所掌輿馬本包括御用和國(guó)用兩個(gè)部分,南朝時(shí)期,一方面太仆不再掌車,另一方面國(guó)用與御用區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái),北朝形式上雖然仍沿漢魏舊制,車馬均在太仆轄下,但將御用與國(guó)用區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)則是承南朝制度。少府在諸卿之中,是皇室“家臣”色彩最濃的一個(gè)官員。西漢時(shí)期管理著帝室的財(cái)政,東漢雖然將財(cái)政權(quán)統(tǒng)歸司農(nóng)管轄,但少府所掌仍然以宮廷事務(wù)為主。魏晉時(shí)期,將東漢文屬少府的機(jī)構(gòu)劃出,而劉宋時(shí)期少府屬下尚方令從掌御用刀劍的制造到掌軍國(guó)刀劍的制造,這種突破帶動(dòng)了少府突破家臣的色彩,也被隋唐所繼承。 引起九卿職能變化的原因約有三個(gè)。 首先是九卿與尚書權(quán)責(zé)不清。尚書在逐漸形成為權(quán)力中心的過(guò)程中,不可避免的要與九卿產(chǎn)生摩擦。在整個(gè)魏晉南北朝時(shí)期,就尚書與九卿的存廢問(wèn)題有過(guò)好幾次討論,而且九卿也曾一度合并廢罷,但始終不能廢一存一,始終是兩者并存,表明二者關(guān)系亟待理清,但總的傾向仍是尚書諸官對(duì)九卿職權(quán)的侵奪。 其次是門下省與九卿的分工。漢代九卿有很濃重的家臣色彩,即除掌管國(guó)家事務(wù)之外,還掌管大量的宮廷事務(wù)。但是魏晉南北朝時(shí)期,九卿職能的一大轉(zhuǎn)變就是漸漸脫離宮廷事務(wù)的管理而轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)９車?guó)務(wù),即完成了其從家臣到朝臣的轉(zhuǎn)變。究其轉(zhuǎn)變的原因,很重要的一點(diǎn)就是門下省對(duì)于宮廷事務(wù)的管理。至隋煬帝分門下置殿內(nèi)省,專管皇帝事務(wù),可以說(shuō),對(duì)魏晉南北朝時(shí)期九卿掌管宮廷事務(wù)方面的職能做了一個(gè)總結(jié),也使九卿家臣的色彩大為減低。 第三是時(shí)代的因素。這以魏晉南北朝時(shí)期的光祿與衛(wèi)尉職能的變化最為明顯。光祿與衛(wèi)尉本來(lái)都職司宮廷護(hù)衛(wèi),但到了唐代卻完全沒(méi)有了這種職能。這種轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)生在漢魏之際。當(dāng)時(shí)曹操獨(dú)攬大權(quán),但并不敢突破大義名分,為了能使自己的官僚系統(tǒng)實(shí)際掌管國(guó)政,他新設(shè)了很多職官來(lái)控制權(quán)力。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,為了保護(hù)自身的安全,建立了以親兵為主的護(hù)衛(wèi)組織,后來(lái)發(fā)展成為領(lǐng)、護(hù)軍系統(tǒng),而在許昌職司保衛(wèi)漢帝的光祿、衛(wèi)尉自然在曹操削弱之列。曹操新設(shè)的護(hù)衛(wèi)系統(tǒng)為后代所繼承,剝奪了原光祿、衛(wèi)尉的職能。這并不是兩卿本身發(fā)展的結(jié)果,而是人為的因素。 漢代九卿制度歷經(jīng)魏晉南北朝時(shí)期到隋唐做了一個(gè)總結(jié),原來(lái)的“三公九卿”體制變成了“三省六部”體制。唐代九卿不再參與政務(wù)的制定,退出了行政中樞的行列,變成了一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)具體執(zhí)行的事務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The study of the history of bureaucracy, as an important research link in the history of Chinese ancient political system, has always been paid much attention to. Since modern times, most of the works on the history of political system in China have been narrated by the bureaucracy. The Jiu Qing system, which is to be studied in this paper, is part of the central bureaucracy.
The two dynasties of the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were often taken side by side as typical of the early Chinese Empire, and the Chinese system and the Tang system were imitated by the later generations. In the modern research works, the Han system and the Tang system are often the most diligent places for the researchers. "Six provinces of the three provinces" system. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the power of the Shang Dynasty was gradually rising, and the period of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties replaced the three Gong as prime minister, to the Tang Dynasty and the three provinces under the jurisdiction of the three provinces, and to complete the three hundred year evolution process of the prime minister system. In this course, the formation and evolution of the three provinces, the three provinces and the six departments were studied. However, there were few studies on Jiu Qing. In the Han Dynasty, the three Gong and Jiu Qing participated in the discussion of the State Administration. The six books in the Tang Dynasty and the nine monastery in the Tang Dynasty had descending relationship. The power of the nine Qing dynasties had changed, but until the Manchu Qing, there were too often, Lu Lu, Dali, Tai Wu, hung Lu and other monastery. The reasons for the existence of the whole body for more than two thousand years It was the office of the affairs. The huge empire had to have the office of the Yamen. In the central, the nine Temple took on such a role. The nine temple was changed into a transactional organ, and it began in the Tang Dynasty. And after the Qin and Han Dynasties, before the Tang Dynasty, the nine Temple organs of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties, what was the nature and status of its officers? This is the study of this article. Objective.
Through the study of this paper, it was found that in the period of the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, the officials of the courtesy were too often to be in charge of the etiquette, and as an official in charge of the judicial trial, hung Lu was not very much changed as an official in charge of diplomacy. In the Northern Dynasty, the North Dynasty positioned the Northern Dynasty as an institution to manage the banquets of the outside Dynasty. It was very costly to deal with the office of the official. Wei Wei, the officer of the palace guard of the Miyagi City, became a handheld device. The official of the cultural relics is the reason for the development and expansion of the guard power of the emperor in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which seriously weakened the original function of Wei Wei. On the occasion of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties, the imperial court still has a large amount of money and silk, and many of the organizations that manage money and silk in the Wei and Jin Dynasties are the private treasury of the emperor. The development of the currency economy makes the circulation of coins increase greatly, which can be seen from the state's Mint cause. Therefore, it is urgent to set up an organization that specialize in money and money, and put the fragmentary financial organs under the unified leadership. This is the background of the founding of the southern and Northern Dynasties. In the period of the period, only the imperial family's books were managed, not like the Han Dynasty, which had great power in the clans. The teachers in the Jin Dynasty had a great influence on the power of Zong. The master was the "Zhong Zheng" of the clan. He had a great voice in the education and election of the clan, and the emperor of the North Wei Dao was imitated at the beginning of the founding of the master. In the middle of the system, the purpose of the system is to distinguish between the party and the people. With the decline of the middle school system, the imperial master system of imitating the middle system is no longer seen in the Tang Dynasty. The Tai Mao's palmar and Ma Ben includes two parts of the imperial court and the national use. In the Southern Dynasties, the Tai servant no longer held the car, on the other hand, the state was distinguished from the imperial use, although the Northern Dynasty still along the form along the North Dynasty. In the Han and Wei dynasties, all the horses and horses were under the jurisdiction of the imperial servants, but the system of the South Dynasty was separated from the government. In the middle Qing Dynasty, the emperor was the most colorful official of the imperial family. In the period of the Western Han Dynasty, the financial authority of the emperor was governed by the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the palm of the minority was still dominated by the Court Affairs. The institutions of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which belonged to the minority, were drawn out, and the Liu Song period was made from the manufacture of the sword of the palm and sword to the sword of the palmar state. This breakthrough led to the breakthroughs of the minority government and was inherited by the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
There are about three reasons for the changes in the functions of the nine Qing Dynasties.
In the process of gradually becoming the center of power, the Shang Dynasty inevitably has to have a friction with Jiu Qing. In the period of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties, there have been several discussions on the preservation and abolition of the book and the Jiu Qing, and the Jiu Qing also once merged with the abolition, but it has always been unable to abolish one and always be both coexistence, It is clear that the relationship between the two needs to be straighten out, but the general inclination is still that the officials of the Shang Dynasty invaded the nine ministers.
The second was the division of labor between the province and the nine Qing Dynasty. The Han Dynasty Jiu Qing had a strong color of the family, that is to say, in addition to the state affairs, it also took charge of a large number of Court Affairs. But in the period of the Wei, Jin and the northern and Southern Dynasties, a major change in the function of the nine Qing Dynasties was to turn away from the administration of the Court Affairs and turn to the state affairs, that is, the transformation from the courtiers to the courtiers was completed. The reason for the change is that it is very important to manage the palace affairs under the door of the province. To Suiti, the imperial palace is placed in the province, and the emperor's affairs are in charge. It can be said that the functions of the palace affairs in the period of the Wei, Jin, and the northern and Southern Dynasties have been summarized, and the color of the nine ministers is greatly reduced.
Third is the factor of the times. This is the most obvious change in the functions of Lu and Wei Wei in the period of the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties. In this process, in this process, in order to protect their own security, in order to protect their own security, a guardians were set up to protect their own security. Later, he developed into a leader and a military system. In Xuchang, the guard of Han Emperor's light, Wei Wei was naturally weakened by Cao Cao. Cao Cao's new guard system was established. The inheritance of the descendants deprived the function of the original Guang Lu and Wei Wei. This is not the result of the development of the two ministers themselves, but the man-made factors.
The system of the Jiu Qing Dynasty in the Han Dynasty, through the period of the Wei, Jin, the northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, made a summary. The original "three Gong and nine Qing" system became the "six provinces of the three provinces".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K235

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 前1條

1 劉軍;;拓跋宗師考述[J];唐都學(xué)刊;2012年01期

中國(guó)博士學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 前1條

1 閆寧;中古禮制建設(shè)概論：儀注學(xué)、故事學(xué)與禮官系統(tǒng)[D];山東大學(xué);2012年

中國(guó)碩士學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 前1條

1 李曉斌;漢唐謁者官制研究[D];魯東大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1964695