本文選題：宋代商人 + 家庭生活　； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：宋代商人家庭研究是家庭史與商業(yè)史研究的一個(gè)交匯點(diǎn)。宋代的文集、筆記小說、方志,以及墓志資料中程度不同地記載了宋代商人家庭的有關(guān)情況。本文嘗試從經(jīng)濟(jì)史與社會(huì)史相結(jié)合這一視角出發(fā),努力探究趨于真實(shí)的宋代商人家庭生活狀態(tài)。 宋代商人家庭的居住環(huán)境與經(jīng)商活動(dòng)、日常生活密切相關(guān)。從家庭居住地的空間分布看,與唐代長安強(qiáng)制措施下聚居兩坊的布局相比,宋代兩京(北宋東京和南宋臨安)商人家庭擇居的自由度更大,呈現(xiàn)聚居與散居并存的特點(diǎn)。從家庭住宅與經(jīng)商活動(dòng)空間的關(guān)系看,“宅店分離”較好地保留了家人生活的私密性空間,“宅店合一”更便于經(jīng)商活動(dòng)的開展,租賃住宅則是維持家計(jì)的權(quán)宜之選。從家庭住宅與日常生活空間的關(guān)系看,居住環(huán)境與家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力直接相關(guān)。富商大賈擇居時(shí)主要考慮居住的舒適度,追求的是生活。他們的住宅往往“逾制”,不僅擁有園林式宅院,還“宅外有別業(yè)”,形成家外有家的居住模式;收入微薄的小商販擇居以便于經(jīng)商為第一要義,講究的是生存。住宅時(shí)常因陋就簡,隨遇而安而已。 宋代商人的家庭生計(jì)富于變化。家庭生計(jì)的角色結(jié)構(gòu)更為多樣,可分為夫妻主導(dǎo)型、父子主導(dǎo)型、全家參與型,以及獨(dú)自支撐型,這與小農(nóng)家庭“男耕女織”的角色分工不同。宋代小農(nóng)家庭謹(jǐn)守四季之時(shí)莫能違,是待時(shí)而動(dòng),商人家庭則是乘時(shí)而動(dòng),在不斷捕捉商機(jī)之中尋求發(fā)家致富。乘時(shí)逐利、靈活治生、誠信與否皆為利、借錢經(jīng)商、偶然發(fā)家,都是乘時(shí)而動(dòng)之舉。宋代商人的家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念尚在“進(jìn)退”之間�！吧欣蟾弧笔沁M(jìn)而為商之舉,“浮財(cái)易失”、“不樂己業(yè)”則流露出經(jīng)商的無助與無奈,常有退而為農(nóng)的想法。宋代商人家產(chǎn)的析分和流向更能體現(xiàn)其“求穩(wěn)”的愿望,這是一種“半農(nóng)半商”心態(tài)的流露。 宋代商人的婚姻生活既不是風(fēng)花雪月,也非舉案齊眉,而是與社會(huì)變動(dòng)、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,以及經(jīng)商活動(dòng)方式直接有關(guān)。受“婚姻不問閥閱”之風(fēng)影響,宋代商人擇婚士人成為其婚姻的一大特色。商人家庭之間經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的差異往往成為彼此通婚的現(xiàn)實(shí)阻隔,家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化又是夫妻關(guān)系變動(dòng)的重要影響因素,這反映出商人階層內(nèi)部的差異與家庭成員間的不平等。商娼關(guān)系多數(shù)情況下僅為商人婚姻的暫時(shí)性補(bǔ)充,與宋代商人離家經(jīng)商、夫妻分居的生活方式不無關(guān)系。 宋代商人婦作為家中的“半邊天”,對于家庭生活的維系尤為重要。商人婦通常帶著“名利”入夫家,或者以嫁奩給夫家提供財(cái)力支持,或者以出身給夫家?guī)砻u(yù)。此后,養(yǎng)家與守家成為商人婦家庭生活的重任。走出家門專職經(jīng)商以養(yǎng)家是宋代商人婦養(yǎng)家的特點(diǎn)之一,夫婦共同經(jīng)商,協(xié)助丈夫經(jīng)商也是商人婦參與養(yǎng)家的方式。守家之難莫過行商婦,行商婦不僅承受著精神上的孤苦,還要面臨諸多家庭困難。姻親扶助、外出尋夫,以及私通成為擺脫生活困境的幾種途徑,其中也反映出守家行商婦獨(dú)立維持家庭生計(jì)能力的不足,這與經(jīng)商養(yǎng)家的商人婦形成鮮明對比。 宋代商人家庭父子間的代際變化,從家庭傳承的視角透視出了商人家庭的名利觀,代際變化主要體現(xiàn)在家產(chǎn)流向與社會(huì)身份變化兩方面。代際間營生旨趣、家風(fēng)傳承的差異使商人家庭走向了興家、敗家兩條不同的發(fā)展軌跡。父輩的權(quán)威與導(dǎo)向?qū)ΥH變化有直接影響,父商子仕的變化最能體現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。代際中斷時(shí)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)波動(dòng),商人家庭常采取姻戚撫育幼子、立養(yǎng)子等補(bǔ)救形式使家庭的傳承不至中斷。宋代商人家庭也實(shí)行諸子平均析產(chǎn),父輩的權(quán)威并不能完全阻止家產(chǎn)析分時(shí)的離心傾向。 宋代商人家庭的社會(huì)交往面擴(kuò)大,但與親屬鄰里的交往“人情味”更濃,鮮見家庭間深層次的經(jīng)商合作。宋代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展客觀上有利于商人家庭與官僚、士人的走近與交往,但家庭財(cái)富的累積并未帶來其社會(huì)地位根本性的改觀。 宋代商人家庭的鬼神崇信體現(xiàn)了其于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和精神世界之間的多次游走。家庭生計(jì)中的鬼神崇信,既反映出通過超自然力多獲利的愿望,也透露出應(yīng)對現(xiàn)實(shí)處境時(shí)的無奈。宋代商人家庭中,夫妻關(guān)系的維系主要靠家庭內(nèi)部的捏合力,家庭外來的壓力對婚姻及家庭的穩(wěn)固作用影響不明顯。鬼魅崇信往往成為修復(fù)夫妻關(guān)系,化解婚外情沖突的一種途徑。 宋代商人家庭的經(jīng)商活動(dòng)以及日常生活的諸多安排都與其觀念直接相關(guān),尋求內(nèi)心深處的真實(shí)觀念可以更深層地解讀商人家庭。與宋代鄉(xiāng)村小農(nóng)家庭、明清商人家庭相比,宋代商人家庭的觀念特色體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面,即“尚官進(jìn)而入仕”的社會(huì)價(jià)值取向,“重家勝過經(jīng)商”的家庭觀念,和“善變但更求穩(wěn)”的生活理念。觀念離不開傳統(tǒng)文化的土壤,中國古代根深蒂固的官本位傳統(tǒng)觀念、濃厚的家觀念,和不自覺回歸的小農(nóng)意識(shí)是解讀宋代商人家庭觀念特色的幾把鑰匙。從中國傳統(tǒng)文化及其深遠(yuǎn)影響這一視角出發(fā),或許也可以為“中國古代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展始終未能突破舊的體制框架”這一謎團(tuán)提供一種解題思路。
[Abstract]:The study of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty is a intersection point of the study of family history and commercial history. The anthology of the Song Dynasty, the notes, the chronicles, and the information of the epitaph records the related situation of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty. This article tries to find out from the perspective of the combination of economic history and social history and try to explore the true family of the merchants of the Song Dynasty. The state of life.
The residential environment of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty is closely related to business activities and daily life. From the spatial distribution of the home residence, compared with the layout of the two houses in the Tang Dynasty under the compulsory measures of Changan, the freedom of the two Jing (the Northern Song Tokyo and the Southern Song Ling'an) is more free, showing the characteristics of the coexistence and the coexistence of the residence and the residence. In relation to the relationship between the business space and the business space, "the separation of the house stores" keeps the private space of family life better, and the "one" is more convenient to carry out the business activities. The rental housing is the choice of sustaining the family plan. From the relationship between home and daily living space, the living environment is directly related to the family economic strength. When choosing a residence, it mainly takes into account the comfort of residence and the pursuit of life. Their housing is often "over the system", not only with a garden style house, but also "outside the house", forming a home mode of living outside the home. And it's just.
The family livelihood of the businessmen in the Song Dynasty is rich and varied. The role structure of family livelihood is more diverse, which can be divided into husband and wife dominated, father and son, family participation, and alone support type. This is different from the role of "men and women" in the small peasant family. In the continuous capture of business opportunities, we seek to get rich in the course of capturing business opportunities. The help and helplessness exposed to business often have the idea of returning to agriculture. The segregation and flow of the household property of the merchants in the Song Dynasty more reflect the desire for "stability", which is an expression of a "half peasant and half business" mentality.
The marriage life of the merchants of the Song Dynasty was neither a wind, a snow moon, nor a single eyebrows, but a direct connection with social changes, family economic conditions, and the way of business activities. Influenced by the wind of "marriage without asking the threshold", the merchants of the Song Dynasty became a major feature of their marriage. The differences in economic conditions between businessmen and families often became one another. The real barrier of intermarriage and the change of family economic condition are the important factors that influence the change of husband and wife relations. This reflects the differences within the merchant stratum and the inequality between the family members. The relationship between commercial sex workers is only a temporary supplement to the merchant's marriage in most cases.
The merchant woman in the Song Dynasty, as a "half day" in the family, is particularly important for the maintenance of family life. Merchant women usually bring "fame and wealth" into their husbands, or give financial support to their husband's family by grafting, or bring their family to their husband's family. After that, the family and the guard are the important responsibilities of the merchant's family life. The family is one of the characteristics of the housekeeping of the merchants in the Song Dynasty. The husband and wife are doing business together, helping the husband to do business is also the way for the merchant to take part in the family. The difficulty of keeping the family is not the merchant. The merchant not only bears the mental hardships, but also faces many family difficulties. The marriage and the marriage help, go out to find a husband, and become a few ways to get rid of the plight of life. It also reflects the lack of independent family members' ability to support their families, which is in sharp contrast to the business women who support their families.
The intergenerational change between the father and son of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty shows the fame and fortune of the merchant family from the perspective of family inheritance. The intergenerational changes are mainly reflected in two aspects of the household production flow and social identity change. The difference between the generation of generations and the inheritance of family style makes the merchant family go to the home and the two different development tracks of the family, and the authority of the father's generation. And guidance has a direct influence on intergenerational change, and the change of father business and son is the most important. The family economy fluctuates during the intergenerational interruption, and the merchant families often adopt marriage relatives to nurture young children, and the remedial form of raising children can not break the family's inheritance. The merchant families in the Song Dynasty also carry out the average production of the Zhuzi, and the authority of the fathers can not be completely blocked. The tendency of centrifugation in the segregation of family property.
The social contact of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty expanded, but the relationship with the neighbourhood of the relatives was more strong, and the deep economic cooperation between the families was rarely seen. The development of the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty was objectively beneficial to the family and bureaucracy of the merchants and the intercourse of the scholars, but the accumulation of family wealth did not bring about a fundamental change in its social status.
Chongxin, the ghost God of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty, embodies the many walks between the real world and the spiritual world. The spirit and God of the family, Chongxin, not only reflects the desire to make more profit through the supernatural force, but also reveals the helplessness of coping with the reality. The pressure of family external pressure has no obvious effect on the stability of marriage and family. Ghosts and goblins in Chongxin often become a way to repair marital relationship and resolve the conflict of extramarital affairs.
The business activities of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty and the many arrangements of daily life are directly related to their ideas. To seek a deeper understanding of the true ideas in the heart can be more deeply interpreted by the merchant family. Compared with the small peasant families in the Song Dynasty and the merchant families in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the special color of the merchant family in the Song Dynasty is embodied in three aspects, namely, "the official entry into the official official". The social value orientation, the family concept of "heavier home than business", and the life concept of "changing but more stable". The concept can not be separated from the soil of traditional culture. The deep-rooted traditional concept of official standard in ancient China, the strong concept of family and the consciousness of unconsciously returning to the small farmers are the keys to the interpretation of the characteristics of the family concept of the merchants of the Song Dynasty. From the perspective of Chinese traditional culture and its far-reaching influence, it may also provide a solution for the puzzle of "the development of China's ancient commodity economy has not been able to break through the old institutional framework".
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K244

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