本文選題：清代 + 云南　； 參考：《云南大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：督撫體制、道制,是明清兩代富有特色而又十分重要的兩個(gè)地方軍事與行政管理制度。到目前為止,對明清督撫體制、道制的研究基本上都是分開進(jìn)行的,很少有學(xué)者將兩者放在一起進(jìn)行有聯(lián)系的或?qū)Ρ刃缘难芯�。在對前人的研究進(jìn)行梳理和總結(jié)后發(fā)現(xiàn),不僅地方道制的發(fā)展與督撫制度的發(fā)展有一定關(guān)聯(lián),兩者的發(fā)展過程和在職官性質(zhì)上也體現(xiàn)出許多的相似之處。從制度特征上看,督、撫、道設(shè)置最初都是從監(jiān)察地方的角度出發(fā),為一種臨時(shí)性的帶有巡察性質(zhì)的職官。在經(jīng)過明清之際兩百余年的調(diào)整變化后,到乾隆初期,完成其制度化,雖未能完全擺脫其臨時(shí)差遣的性質(zhì),但實(shí)際上已成為固定設(shè)置的地方職官。在清代的地方大吏中,只有督、撫和帶兵備銜的道是行政與軍事相兼的職官,具有無所不包、無所不統(tǒng)的地方事權(quán),并負(fù)有巡查地方的重要責(zé)任。他們的機(jī)構(gòu)衙門設(shè)置也都十分精干,而管轄的區(qū)域卻又很大,總督統(tǒng)轄兩省,巡撫綜治一省,各守巡道轄有數(shù)量不等的府和直隸州(廳),但又都不是嚴(yán)格意義上的一級正式政區(qū),最多只能算作是一級準(zhǔn)政區(qū)。督、撫和守巡道(主要指帶兵備銜的道)共同組成了一省之內(nèi)軍政合一的地方管控體系,承上制下,以文制武,以實(shí)現(xiàn)對地方的管理與控制,在地方治理中共同發(fā)揮著重要的作用。 基于上述認(rèn)識,本論文選取云南為研究對象,對清王朝施行于云南邊疆的督撫體制、道制進(jìn)行全面的考察和研究。主要包括三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：第一、從政治制度史的角度,考察和研究清代云貴總督、云南巡撫以及地方諸道的設(shè)置及演變情況；第二、以歷史地理的視角,考察云南邊疆的區(qū)域政治狀況與設(shè)立云貴總督、云南巡撫和具有區(qū)劃意義的迤東道、迤西道、迤南道之間的關(guān)系,進(jìn)而分析云南督、撫、道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)對云南邊疆分區(qū)域的管理與控制；第三、通過考察康、雍、乾三朝云南邊疆治理情況,以揭示在邊疆與內(nèi)地一體化的地方管理體制之下,作為軍政合一的云南地方權(quán)力角色的云南督、撫、道,在治理邊疆中所發(fā)揮的作用和所取得的成效。 云南地處邊疆,境內(nèi)各地區(qū)間社會發(fā)展不平衡。元、明時(shí)期,即設(shè)置云南行省和“三司”進(jìn)行統(tǒng)治和經(jīng)營,與內(nèi)地的差異逐漸縮小。入清以后,云南被納入內(nèi)地“十五行省”或“十八省”的范圍。在地方管理方式上,清王朝對云南邊疆并未采取像管理東北、北方、西北、西藏邊疆地區(qū)那樣的特殊管理方式,而是施以內(nèi)地化的方式,設(shè)置總督、巡撫和各守巡道管理地方。云貴總督、云南巡撫以及各守巡道的設(shè)置、調(diào)整、完善,經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)長期而復(fù)雜的變化過程,既體現(xiàn)出與內(nèi)地省份的一致性,又明顯帶有邊疆的特征。在上述體制下,云貴總督、云南巡撫成為清王朝在云南的代理人,圍繞他們所構(gòu)建的包括各守巡道在內(nèi)的軍政合一的地方管控體系,是清王朝管理和控制云南地方所依靠的基礎(chǔ)和最為核心的力量。清王朝經(jīng)略云南邊疆的這一重要制度安排,既體現(xiàn)了云南邊疆與內(nèi)地的一體化特點(diǎn),又成為清王朝邊疆管理形式的一個(gè)重要類別,與施行于東北的軍府制、蒙古的蒙旗制、新疆的伊犁將軍和西寧辦事大臣,以及西藏的駐藏大臣制等各類不同的邊疆管理體制一起,構(gòu)成了清代邊疆管理的完整體系。 設(shè)立云貴總督駐扎云南,既增強(qiáng)了對云南邊疆的管理和控制,又強(qiáng)化了滇、黔兩省自明初貴州建省后即存在的軍事上、政治上、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的聯(lián)系,甚至兩者被視為一體,從而改變了西南邊疆各省之間的關(guān)系格局。從云南邊疆的視角看,形成了西南、云貴和云南三個(gè)不同層次的區(qū)域概念。對三個(gè)不同的區(qū)域,清廷分別施以相應(yīng)的治策。云南各道的設(shè)置和調(diào)整,則是為適應(yīng)云南管轄范圍擴(kuò)大后地方管理以及邊防事務(wù)的需要,以掌佐督撫,從而構(gòu)成總督、巡撫、道等地方文臣所構(gòu)成的軍政合一的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體系,以實(shí)現(xiàn)對云南邊疆的分區(qū)域管理與控制。 康、雍、乾三朝,云南社會經(jīng)濟(jì)處于急劇變化之中,清廷對云南的統(tǒng)治政策也相應(yīng)處于不斷改變之中,對云南邊疆地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治思想和許多統(tǒng)治政策,也大都是在這一時(shí)期形成和完善的。從地方治理的角度看,朝廷賦予云南督、撫、道地方管理與控制的目標(biāo)和任務(wù)與其他直省不盡相同。由于云南的邊疆地位,決定了它具有一些其他內(nèi)地省份所不具有的特別事務(wù),如邊防、邊務(wù)、銅務(wù)以及包含土司事務(wù)在內(nèi)的民族事務(wù)等,即或是與內(nèi)地各直省相同的事務(wù),如政區(qū)設(shè)置、綠營營制、鹽務(wù)、學(xué)務(wù)等,因其地域的特殊性,在地方管理方式上必然也與其他直省有所不同。加之此時(shí)期發(fā)生在云南并對云南社會乃至整個(gè)清王朝影響重大歷史事件,如康熙朝的“三藩之亂”、雍正朝的大規(guī)�！案耐翚w流”、乾隆朝的“滇銅京運(yùn)”和“征緬戰(zhàn)爭”等。在此背景下,云南督、撫、道等地方大吏發(fā)揮了重要作用,在每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期,總能涌現(xiàn)出一些勤于職守、頗有建樹的地方大吏。作為綜治一方的權(quán)力角色,他們的作為深刻地影響了云南社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,邊疆治理所取得的效果也最為明顯�？�、雍、乾三朝,對云南的管理與控制是最有成效的,提供了許多可供借鑒的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
[Abstract]:The governor system and the Dao system are the two local military and administrative management systems of the two dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties which are characteristic and very important. So far, the research on the supervision system of the Ming and Qing Dynasties has been carried out separately, and few scholars have put the two together to carry on the related or contrastive study. After that, it is found that the development of the local road system is not only related to the development of the governor system, but also the development process of the two is also similar to the nature of the official. After the adjustment and change of more than two hundred years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in the early days of Qianlong, the institutionalization of the system has not been completely removed from the nature of its temporary assignment, but in fact it has become a fixed position of local official. The local authority, which is not unified, has an important responsibility for the inspection of the local authorities. Their institutions are also very capable, and the jurisdiction of the area is very large. The governor governs the two provinces, the governor is governed by a province, and the patrol road has the jurisdiction of different quantities and the Zhili state (Hall), but it is not the first level official administrative area in the strict sense, at most can only be calculated. As a first-degree quasi political area, governor, caress and guard the road (mainly refers to the route of the rank of soldiers) together form a local control and control system of military and political unity within a province, under the system of the system, in order to realize the management and control of the local, and play an important role in the local governance.
Based on the above understanding, this thesis selects Yunnan as the research object, and carries out a comprehensive investigation and study of the Qing Dynasty's governor system in the border area of Yunnan. It mainly includes three aspects: first, from the perspective of the history of political system, it examines and studies the General Governor of the Qing Dynasty and the governor of the Qing Dynasty, the Yunnan governor and the local Taoism. Second, from the perspective of historical geography, we examine the regional political situation of the Yunnan frontier and the establishment of the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, the Yunnan governor and the Yi Dong Dao with the significance of zoning, the relationship between the Yushi road and the South Road, and then analyze the management and control of the Yunnan governor, caress and Tao in the Yunnan border region; third, through the investigation of Kang, Yong, and Qian three The governance of the border areas in Yunnan is to reveal the role and effectiveness of the Yunnan governor, caress and Dao, under the local management system of the integration of the border and the mainland, and the role of the Yunnan local power in the military and political integration.
Yunnan is located in the border area, the social development of various regions in China is unbalanced. Yuan, Ming period, that is, to set up Yunnan province and "three divisions" to govern and operate, the difference with the mainland gradually narrowed. After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, Yunnan was included in the scope of the "fifteen provinces" or "eighteen provinces" in the mainland. In the way of local management, the Qing Dynasty did not have the border to Yunnan. The special management mode, like the northeast, north, northwest and Tibet border areas, is adopted in the way of the mainland, the governor, the governor and the management of the patrol road. The governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, the Yunnan governor, and the arrangement, adjustment and perfection of each patrol and patrol, have undergone a long and complicated process of change, which embodies both the mainland and the mainland. In the above system, under the above system, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, the governor of Yunnan became the agent of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan, and the local control and control system, including the unification of military and political affairs including the patrol and the patrol, was the foundation and the most core strength of the Qing Dynasty to manage and control Yunnan. This important institutional arrangement of the border area of Yunnan, not only reflected the integration of the border and the mainland in Yunnan, but also became an important category of the border management form of the Qing Dynasty, with the army system in the northeast, the Mongol system in Mongolia, the Yili General of Xinjiang and the Minister of Xining, and the residence of the Tibet. The same border management system constituted a complete system of border management in the Qing Dynasty.
The establishment of the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou in Yunnan has not only strengthened the management and control of the border areas of Yunnan, but also strengthened the military, political, economic, and even both of the military, political and economic relations between the provinces of Yunnan and the two provinces of Guizhou Province since the founding of Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty, thus changing the pattern of relations between the provinces of the southwest border areas. From the perspective of the border areas of Yunnan, the formation of the relationship has been formed. The three different levels of regional concepts in the southwest, the Yunnan and Yunnan and the three different regions, the Qing government put together the corresponding policies. The setting and adjustment of the Yunnan various roads are to meet the needs of the local administration and border affairs after the expansion of the jurisdiction of Yunnan, and thus constitute the governor, the governor, the governor, the Taoism and other local officials. The leadership system of military and political integration should be implemented in order to achieve the regional management and control of the border areas of Yunnan.
Kang, Yong, and dry three dynasties, Yunnan's social and economic changes were in a sharp change, and the ruling policies of the Qing government to Yunnan were also changed correspondingly. The ruling ideology and many ruling policies of Yunnan border areas were also formed and perfected in this period. From the point of view of local governance, the court endowed Yunnan governor, caress, and local management. The objectives and tasks of the control are not the same as those of other direct provinces. Because of the border status of Yunnan, it has decided that it has special affairs that some other mainland provinces do not have, such as border defence, border affairs, copper, and ethnic affairs including the toast affairs, or the same affairs as the direct provinces of the mainland, such as the setting up of the government district, the green camp system, Salt, academic affairs, and so on, because of its geographical particularity, it must be different from other direct provinces in the way of local management. This period occurred in Yunnan and influenced major historical events of Yunnan society and even the whole Qing Dynasty, such as the "chaos of San Francisco" in Kangxi Dynasty, and the large-scale "change of soil to the river" by the Yong Zheng Dynasty and the "Yunnan Copper and Beijing transportation" in the Qianlong Dynasty. In this context, in this context, Yunnan governor, caress, Taoism and other local officials have played an important role. At every turning point, some local officials who are industrious and constructive are always sprung up. As a power role of the one side of the comprehensive governance, they have a profound influence on the social and economic development of Yunnan and the control of the border areas. The effect of the three dynasties, Kang, Yong and Qian, was most effective in the management and control of Yunnan, and provided many historical experiences for reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K249

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 馬亞輝;康雍乾三朝對云南社會的治理[D];云南大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號：1929148