本文選題：明朝 + 逃軍��； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 軍隊是國家機器最重要的組成部分,也是君主專制統(tǒng)治賴以存在的武力基礎(chǔ)。因此,歷朝歷代的統(tǒng)治者無不把加強對軍隊的建設(shè)、管理和控制作為其首要的政治任務(wù)之一。在中國封建王朝的發(fā)展中,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這一規(guī)律,即建國之初軍士缺乏,而隨著時間的推移,冗兵現(xiàn)象就會出現(xiàn),最典型的莫過于宋朝。但明代軍士逃亡的問題一直貫穿于整個朝代,且在立國之初便已露端倪。宣德以后,軍士逃亡則愈演愈烈。軍士逃亡的原因是多方面的,其中既有明代制度本身的問題,也有勛貴、官員等對軍士的役占。為了制止逃軍的發(fā)展,明朝政府采取了種種措施,建立了相應(yīng)的制度,清軍制度就是其中較為重要的一項。 所謂“清軍”,即由清軍御史及清軍官定期清理軍籍戶口,檢查落實跟補、勾補事項。清軍,作為一種社會現(xiàn)象古已有之,漢代時便有士亡之法。不過,把清軍作為封建國家的一項軍政要務(wù),制定繁蕪的規(guī)章條例,自上而下設(shè)有專司的清軍官,則是明朝才出現(xiàn)的。清軍在明朝史料中的最早記錄可以追溯至洪武時期。洪、永間有關(guān)清軍的記事非常之少,洪武十六年以后到仁宗之世,除了一些局地性的記載外,不見以清理軍伍或軍籍為目的而大規(guī)模派遣專人的記錄。宣宗以后,各種清勾的弊端逐漸表面化,宣德三年,派遣十四人赴各地清軍,并制定十一條清勾條例,隨后清軍人員三年一派成為定制。因災(zāi)傷暫停清軍御史的事例,成化、弘治以后逐漸增多。明政府派專人負責(zé)清軍,即為清軍御史。清軍御史隸屬于中央,在各府州縣還有協(xié)助清軍御史工作的人員,這些協(xié)助人員稱為“清軍官”。清軍人員的從屬關(guān)系是按照其本身的品級而定的。清軍御史到各省也有一定的駐扎地點,大抵都在各省的首府。除了清軍以外,清軍御史還負責(zé)其他一些事務(wù),如馬政、軍器等。清軍御史派出以后,一時似乎收到了相當(dāng)?shù)男Ч?但隨著明朝廷的逐漸腐朽,以及制度本身的問題,使得清軍逐漸演變成“民害”,給明代的政治以及社會造成許多問題。萬歷年間,清軍御史逐漸退出歷史舞臺,其工作轉(zhuǎn)由巡按御史兼差。 明代清軍制度的發(fā)展,是與明代清軍問題的不斷加劇和清軍制度本身日滋月生的弊端相輔相成的。清軍制度及其條文,措施越完備,越詳實,只能表明軍伍空虛,管理混亂諸問題的嚴重性在不斷地加劇,只能表明明代衛(wèi)所軍士世襲制不能適應(yīng)社會發(fā)展的需要。清軍制度給明代社會帶來了種種問題,逐漸發(fā)展成為一項擾民的制度。
[Abstract]:The army is the most important part of the state apparatus and the basis of the existence of autocratic monarchy. Therefore, the rulers of all dynasties regard strengthening the construction, management and control of the army as one of their first political tasks. In the development of the feudal dynasty in China, we can find this law, that is, the lack of non-commissioned officers at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, but with the passage of time, the phenomenon of redundant soldiers will appear, the most typical of which is the Song Dynasty. However, the problem of non-commissioned officers fleeing throughout the Ming Dynasty, and at the beginning of the founding of the country has been revealed. After Xuande, non-commissioned officers fled more and more. There are many reasons for non-commissioned officers to flee, including the Ming Dynasty system itself, as well as military officers, officials and other non-commissioned officers. In order to stop the development of defection, the Ming government adopted various measures and established the corresponding system, among which the Qing military system was one of the more important. The so-called "Qing army", that is, by the Qing army imperial history and the Qing army officers regularly clean up military hukou, check the implementation and compensation, check the matter. Qing army, as a social phenomenon, the Han Dynasty, there was the law of the death of a scholar. However, the Qing army as a feudal country's military and political priorities, the formulation of numerous rules and regulations, from the top to the bottom of the Qing military officers, only appeared in the Ming Dynasty. The earliest records of Qing army in Ming Dynasty can be traced back to Hongwu period. Hong, Yong about the Qing army very few records, Hongwu 16 years later to the Ren Zong, except for some local records, there is no record of large-scale dispatch of personnel for the purpose of cleaning up the army or military records. After Xuan Zong, all kinds of drawback gradually surface, Xuande three years, sent 14 people to the Qing Army, and formulated 11 regulations, and then the Qing army personnel for three years become custom. Due to disasters and injuries to suspend the Qing military imperial history of the example, Cheng Hua, after the gradually increased. Ming government sent special personnel responsible for the Qing army, that is, the Qing army imperial history. The imperial history of the Qing army was subordinate to the central government, and there were also personnel who assisted the imperial history of the Qing army in the prefectures and counties, which were called "Qing officers." The subordinate relationship of Qing military personnel was determined by their own rank. Qing Dynasty imperial history to the provinces also have a certain location, mostly in the provincial capitals. In addition to the Qing army, the imperial history of the Qing army is also responsible for other affairs, such as Ma Zheng, military equipment, and so on. After the Qing army sent out the imperial history, it seemed to have received considerable effect for a while, but with the gradual decay of the Ming court and the problems of the system itself, the Qing army gradually evolved into a "civil harm", which caused many problems to the politics and society of the Ming Dynasty. Wanli years, Qing Dynasty imperial history gradually withdrew from the historical stage, its work changed from patrol imperial history poor. The development of the Qing military system in the Ming Dynasty is complementary to the increasing problems of the Qing Army in the Ming Dynasty and the drawbacks of the Qing military system itself. The more complete and detailed measures the Qing military system and its provisions are, the more empty the military ranks are, and the more serious the problems of management chaos are, the more serious the problems are. It can only indicate that the hereditary system of non-commissioned officers in the Ming Dynasty can not meet the needs of social development. The Qing military system brought various problems to the Ming society and gradually developed into a disturbing system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K248

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本文編號：1915307