發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-20 12:11

  本文選題：先秦 + 多都并存制度　； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】： 多都并存制度是指同一個(gè)王朝或政權(quán)在同一時(shí)期設(shè)置多座都城的制度。先秦時(shí)期存在著廣泛而普遍的多都并存現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典(修訂本)》對(duì)制度的定義:“制度是指在一定歷史條件下形成的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面的體系”,表明“制度”可以是成文的,如西周時(shí)期對(duì)營建洛邑的成文記載,春秋時(shí)期晉國對(duì)曲沃“下國”的說法,戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期燕國下都、上都的對(duì)照以及齊國“五都”的記載等;制度也可以是不成文而約定俗成的,包括夏商政權(quán)的多都并存以及春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期大部分政權(quán)未明確記載而實(shí)際施行的多座都城同時(shí)存在的制度。因此,筆者認(rèn)為,先秦時(shí)期多都并存已經(jīng)形成一個(gè)“體系”,由現(xiàn)象上升至制度層面。先秦是多都并存制度的濫觴時(shí)期,其都城設(shè)置和都城功能對(duì)后世都城制度有著深刻而廣泛的影響。 本文的研究共分三個(gè)部分: 第一部分即第一章緒論,通過對(duì)選題的簡要分析和研究現(xiàn)狀的深入總結(jié),提出本文的研究思路。 第二部分是本研究的主體部分,包括第二章到第九章,通過實(shí)證案例研究分別復(fù)原了夏、商、西周、晉、楚、秦、齊、燕等八個(gè)政權(quán)的都城設(shè)置的情況、各座都城的地位及都城地位的變化。第二章通過對(duì)夏代文獻(xiàn)資料和相應(yīng)考古資料的分析,推測:不論是在夏代早期還是在夏代晚期,其都邑都存在著數(shù)都并存的現(xiàn)象。第三章探討了商代的都城遷移和多都并存制度。商代早期的都城,從考古發(fā)掘來看主要有偃師商城和鄭州商城兩座,對(duì)比其規(guī)模,得出結(jié)論:鄭州商城為文獻(xiàn)記載中的鄭亳,是早商的主要都城,偃師商城為文獻(xiàn)記載中的西亳,是早商的軍事性陪都。商代中期,可能實(shí)行圣都俗都制度,俗都屢次遷徙,而圣都不變。到商代晚期,安陽殷墟是主要都城,這一時(shí)期,出現(xiàn)在文獻(xiàn)記載中的都城還有“成湯之故居”,可能為陪都,朝歌為離宮,不能看作是都城。第四章探討了西周時(shí)期的多座都城設(shè)置與都城地位的變化。西周時(shí)期的多都并存制度是非常明確的,岐周、宗周、成周三座都城依次向東。其都城功能和政治地位各有不同。從都城功能來看,在西周時(shí)期,岐周是宗教祭祀意味較為濃厚的都城,是圣都;宗周承擔(dān)著主要都城的功能,是行政都城;成周主要承擔(dān)前線都城的功能,軍事意義較濃。從政治地位來看,在西周時(shí)期,宗周一直是主都,而岐周和成周均處于陪都地位,只不過到西周中晚期岐周都城地位逐漸降低,而成周的政治地位愈益重要。第五章研究了晉國的多都并存制度,晉的都城發(fā)展包括三個(gè)階段:從叔虞封唐開始到晉昭侯封桓叔于曲沃是晉國都城發(fā)展的第一個(gè)階段,翼與絳為同地異名,晉有唐和絳(翼)兩都,唐的設(shè)置略早于絳,在西周中期廢棄,唐在廢棄之前可能與絳并存了一段時(shí)間。從晉昭侯封桓叔于曲沃開始到晉景公遷都新田是晉國都城設(shè)置的第二個(gè)階段,曲沃從割據(jù)政權(quán)的政治中心演變?yōu)闀x國新政權(quán)的圣都,絳為晉的主都。第三個(gè)階段從晉景公遷都新田開始至?xí)x國滅亡,新田為晉都,舊都絳和圣都曲沃地位明顯下降,文獻(xiàn)記載少有提及。第六章探討了秦的圣都制度與都城體系。秦封為諸侯之后有八座都城西垂(西犬丘)、lg、lg渭之會(huì)、平陽、雍、涇陽、櫟陽、咸陽。從都城的宗教地位來看,這些都城可以分為圣都與俗都兩大類,西垂、雍為圣都,其他都城是不同時(shí)期的俗都;從都城的軍事地位來看,可分為前線都城和根據(jù)地都城,一般來說,俗都都是前線都城,是為了開拓疆土而建都的,圣都為根據(jù)地都城。在戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期,秦人有兩座圣都:西垂與雍。第七章分析了楚國的都城。春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期楚國的主要都城為南郢,楚國在南郢以北建立了多座軍事性陪都,是其稱霸諸侯、抗拒中夏的戰(zhàn)略要地;同時(shí),鄂城是南郢的東部門戶,也是春秋時(shí)期楚國的陪都之一。第八章通過分析文獻(xiàn),復(fù)原了齊在春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期的多都并存制度,認(rèn)為:臨淄長期作為主要都城,對(duì)齊國的政治、軍事發(fā)抨了重要作用。從春秋后期開始,齊國陸續(xù)在邊疆的軍事重鎮(zhèn)設(shè)置了四座陪都,與臨淄合稱“五都”。筆者認(rèn)為齊國五都應(yīng)為臨淄、高唐、博、平陸、鄴殿,其中,臨淄無疑是齊國主都,而其他四都則是軍事性陪都。這種多都設(shè)置方式,是一種有效的邊疆控制手段。第九章探討了燕的多都并存制度。在西周晚期偏后的時(shí)候,燕惠侯將燕都從房山琉璃河董家林城址遷至薊城,此后直到燕被秦所滅。薊城在大部分時(shí)間里一直是燕國主要都城。戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期,由于燕國要南向中原與其它六國征戰(zhàn),因此,在南部軍事重鎮(zhèn)相繼建立了易與下都武陽兩座陪都。 第三部分包括第十章和第十二章,探討了先秦多都并存制度的確立及發(fā)展,多都并存制度形成的原因及其對(duì)后世的影響。
[Abstract]:The system of multi capital coexistence refers to the system of setting up a number of capitals at the same time by the same dynasty or regime. There is a widespread and universal phenomenon of multiple coexistence in the pre Qin period. According to the definition of the modern Chinese Dictionary (Revised Edition), the system refers to the system of political, economic, and cultural aspects formed under certain historical conditions. The "system" can be written, such as the written records of the construction of Luo Yi in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the statement of the Jin state to Quwo "next country" during the spring and Autumn period, the contrast of Yan state in the Warring States period and the record of the "five capital" in Qi State, and the system can also be unwritten, including the coexistence of the summer Shang regime and the spring and Autumn period. In the period of the Warring States period, most of the regimes that had not been clearly recorded in the period of the Warring States period existed at the same time. Therefore, the author believed that the pre Qin period had formed a "system", from the phenomenon to the system level. The pre Qin period was the beginning of the multi capital coexistence system, and its capital city and capital function had the system of the later capital. A profound and extensive influence.
The study of this article is divided into three parts:
The first part is the introduction of the first chapter. Through the brief analysis of the topic and the in-depth summary of the research status, the paper puts forward the research train of thought.
The second part is the main part of this study, including second chapters and ninth chapters. Through empirical case study, the status of the capital city of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Jin, Chu, Qin, Qi, Yan, etc., the status of the capital city and the status of the capital are changed. The second chapter through the analysis of the literature of the Xia Dynasty and the corresponding archaeological data. In the early summer and late Xia Dynasty, the capital city of the Shang Dynasty had all the coexistence phenomena. The third chapter discussed the capital city migration and the multi capital coexistence system in the Shang Dynasty. The early Shang Dynasty, from the archaeological excavation, mainly included the Yanshi commercial city and the Zhengzhou commercial city, compared its scale, and concluded that the Zhengzhou commercial city was recorded in the literature. Zheng Bo, the main capital city of the early Shang Dynasty, was the military capital of the Shang Dynasty in the Yanshi merchant city. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the system of Saint capital may be carried out, and the custom was repeatedly migrated, and the holy capital remained unchanged. In the late Shang Dynasty, the Yin Ruins in Anyang were the main capital. In this period, the capital city and the former residence of Tang Dynasty appeared in the period of the literature. In the fourth chapter, the multi capital city setting and the change of capital status were discussed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The multi capital coexistence system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was very clear, the Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty, and the Wednesday capitals were eastward in turn. The function and political status of the capital city were different. In the Zhou period, Qi Zhou was a city of religious sacrifice which meant a strong capital and was a holy capital. Zong Zhou took the function of the main capital and was the capital city; the Zhou Dynasty mainly took the function of the front capital city and the military significance was strong. From the political position, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zong Zhou was the main capital, and the Qi Zhou and the week were all in the capital city, but only in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the middle and late period, the status of the capital city was gradually reduced, and the political status of the Zhou Dynasty became more and more important. The fifth chapter studied the multi capital coexistence system of Jin State. The development of the capital of Jin Dynasty included three stages: from the beginning of the Tang Yu to the Tang Dynasty to Quwo, the first stage of the development of Jin's capital was the same place of the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin has Tang Hejiang (wing) two. All, Tang was set slightly earlier than Jiang, abandoned in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Before the Tang was abandoned, it may coexist with Jiang. From Quwo to Jin Jing Gong to Xintian is the second stage set up in Jin state capital, and Quwo evolved from the political center of the regime to the Holy capital of the new regime of Jin State, which is the main capital of Jin. Third From the Jin Jing Gong to Xintian in Jin, Xintian is the Jin State, Xintian is the capital of Jin, the status of the old capital and the holy capital of Quwo is obviously reduced. The sixth chapter discusses the system of the holy capital and the capital system of Qin Dynasty. After the Qin Dynasty, there are eight capital cities in the West (West dog Hill), the LG, the Wei River, Pingyang, yongyang, Jingyang and Xianyang. In the view of the religious status of the city, these capital cities can be divided into two categories: the holy capital and the vulgar, the West pendant, the holy city, the other capital cities in different periods. From the military status of the capital, the capital city can be divided into the front capital city and the base capital city. Generally speaking, the vulgar capital is the front capital city, it is to open up the territory and build the capital, and the holy capital is the capital city of the base. During the Warring States period, the people of the Qin Dynasty had two holy cities: the west sag and the Yonghe. The seventh chapter analyzed the capital of Chu state. The main capital of Chu state was South Ying in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, and the Chu state established a number of military accompanying capital in the north of South Ying, which is its hegemony and the strategic place of resisting the middle summer; at the same time, the eastern gateway of South Ying and the Chu state in the spring and Autumn period. One of the accompanying capital. The eighth chapter, through the analysis of the literature, restored the multiple co-existence system in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. It was considered that Linzi was a major capital city for a long time. It has made an important role in the political and military affairs of the Qi state. From the late spring and Autumn period, Qi has set up four accompanying capital in the military heavy town of the border area, and the "five capital" together with Linzi. Five should be Linzi, Gaotang, Bo, Pinglu, yeh Dian, and Linzi is undoubtedly the main capital of the Qi State, and the other four are the military capital. This is an effective way to control the frontier. The ninth chapter discusses the multiple coexistence of Yan's system. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Yan Huihou took the Yan Du from the Fangshan Li River river. The city site of Dong Jialin moved to thistle City, after which Yan was destroyed by Qin Dynasty. Thistle city was the main capital of Yan state for most of the time. During the Warring States period, Yan state had to exclaim in the Central Plains and other six countries in the south. Therefore, two accompanying capital of Wuyang were established in the southern military heavy town.
The third part includes the tenth chapter and the twelfth chapter, and probes into the establishment and development of the multi capital coexistence system in the pre Qin period, the reasons for the formation of the multi capital coexistence system and its influence on the later generations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K225;K221

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本文編號(hào)：1914570