本文選題：宋代　切入點(diǎn)：基層勢(shì)力　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】： 宋代是中國(guó)古代重要的發(fā)展階段。宋代基層社會(huì)勢(shì)力,包括了兩個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容,一是代表宋政府的各類基層行政組織,二是代表了民間勢(shì)力的精英、各類民間組織、佛道教及民間信仰。這些勢(shì)力是國(guó)家與基層社會(huì)民眾溝通的橋梁。本文圍繞著基層社會(huì)的控制共分為四個(gè)部分展開(kāi)論述。分別是宋代基層行政組織與基層社會(huì)控制,民間組織與基層社會(huì)控制,佛教、道教及民間信仰與基層社會(huì)控制,精英與基層社會(huì)控制。 宋政府基層行政組織代表國(guó)家對(duì)基層社會(huì)進(jìn)行控制,其偏重于征發(fā)賦役和維持治安,給民間勢(shì)力留下了活動(dòng)空間。宋政府以保甲長(zhǎng)、耆長(zhǎng)等行政組織頭目實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家對(duì)基層社會(huì)的賦稅征收與社會(huì)治安管理。宋代基層社會(huì)控制不論基層行政組織形式發(fā)生怎樣的變化,國(guó)家對(duì)其控制的主要目的就是為了獲取賦稅收入,以及維持基層社會(huì)正常秩序。 在宋代基層社會(huì)中,除了基層行政組織以外,還活躍著各類以精英為主要成員的民間組織。宋代基層社會(huì)民間組織十分興盛,許多組織都有自己的規(guī)約,這類規(guī)約往往會(huì)對(duì)其成員之間的相互關(guān)系作出規(guī)定,一旦其成員發(fā)生糾紛,握有規(guī)約解釋權(quán)和執(zhí)行權(quán)的民間組織首領(lǐng)就成了調(diào)解糾紛的民間權(quán)威。宋代多數(shù)民間組織與國(guó)家利益一致,在功能上是對(duì)基層行政組織的重要支持與補(bǔ)充。各種民間組織通過(guò)自己的方式將廣大民眾組織起來(lái),或通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)互助的方式緩解貧富差距,使積聚于基層社會(huì)的不安定因素得以釋放,或以規(guī)約將成員的行為限定在國(guó)家法令許可的范圍內(nèi),減少社會(huì)越軌現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,或通過(guò)自保的方式使基層社會(huì)得以安定。各種民間組織與基層行政組織相互影響,相互滲透,共同維系著對(duì)基層社會(huì)的控制。 在宋代的基層社會(huì)中,佛教、道教與民間信仰所構(gòu)成的意識(shí)形態(tài)體系對(duì)于鄉(xiāng)里民眾的心理調(diào)適與行為的規(guī)范也有著重要的意義。宋代基層社會(huì)控制除了基層行政組織設(shè)置及其職能發(fā)揮外,以精英為代表的民間勢(shì)力的崛起,并對(duì)基層社會(huì)控制產(chǎn)生了重要影響。精英不僅是國(guó)家賦稅承擔(dān)的主體,而且是地方公共事業(yè)的主要依靠力量,這決定了精英在基層社會(huì)中的主導(dǎo)性地位。精英廣泛參與到基層社會(huì)控制中,既有承擔(dān)國(guó)家差派而為基層頭目者,也有利用宗族勢(shì)力實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)宗族內(nèi)部成員和鄉(xiāng)里民眾制約者,還有在社會(huì)動(dòng)亂時(shí)期,利用自身在基層社會(huì)的影響力主動(dòng)構(gòu)建地方防護(hù)體系者�？傊�,精英對(duì)基層社會(huì)控制發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用,精英代表民間勢(shì)力參與地方維護(hù)和社會(huì)控制,是國(guó)家控制基層社會(huì)的可靠力量和有益補(bǔ)充。
[Abstract]:The Song Dynasty was an important stage in the development of ancient China. The grass-roots social forces of the Song Dynasty included two aspects: one was the various grass-roots administrative organizations representing the Song government, the other was the elite of the folk forces and various kinds of non-governmental organizations. Buddhism, Taoism and folk beliefs. These forces are the bridge between the state and the grassroots people. This paper discusses the control of the grass-roots society in four parts, namely, the grass-roots administrative organizations and the grass-roots social control in the Song Dynasty. Non-governmental organizations and grass-roots social control, Buddhism, Taoism and folk beliefs and grass-roots social control, elite and grass-roots social control. The grass-roots administrative organizations of the Song government controlled the grass-roots society on behalf of the state, and their emphasis was on collecting and issuing taxes and conscribing and maintaining public order, leaving room for civil forces to operate. The leaders of the administrative organizations such as the Chief of the aged have realized the collection of taxes and the management of public security by the state on the grassroots society. No matter what changes have taken place in the form of the grass-roots administrative organizations in the Song Dynasty, The main purpose of state control is to obtain tax revenue and maintain social order at the grass-roots level. In the grass-roots society of the Song Dynasty, in addition to the grass-roots administrative organizations, there were also various civil organizations with the elite as the main members. The grass-roots social non-governmental organizations of the Song Dynasty were very prosperous, many of which had their own statutes. Such statutes often regulate the interrelationship between their members and, in the event of disputes among their members, The leaders of civil organizations who have the power to interpret and enforce the statutes have become the civil authority in the mediation of disputes. Most of the civil organizations in the Song Dynasty were in line with the national interests. Functionally, it is an important support and supplement to grass-roots administrative organizations. Various non-governmental organizations organize the broad masses of the people through their own means, or alleviate the gap between the rich and the poor by means of mutual economic assistance. To release the factors of instability accumulated at the grass-roots level, or to limit the behaviour of members to the extent permitted by national decrees, and to reduce the occurrence of social deviations, All kinds of non-governmental organizations and grass-roots administrative organizations influence each other, infiltrate each other, and maintain the control of grass-roots society together. In the grass-roots society of the Song Dynasty, Buddhism, The ideological system formed by Taoism and folk belief is also of great significance to the psychological adjustment and behavior of rural people. In the Song Dynasty, the grass-roots social control was not only the establishment of grass-roots administrative organizations, but also the exertion of their functions. The rise of folk forces, represented by the elite, has had an important impact on social control at the grass-roots level. The elite is not only the main body of the national tax burden, but also the main reliance force of the local public utilities. This determines the dominant position of the elite in the grassroots society. The elite participate extensively in the control of the grassroots society, not only those who bear the responsibility of the national elite and serve as the grassroots leaders, but also those who use clan influence to realize the restriction on the members of the clan and the people in the countryside. And in times of social unrest, those who take the initiative to build a local protection system by using their influence at the grass-roots level. In short, the elite has played an extremely important role in social control at the grass-roots level. Elite participation in local maintenance and social control on behalf of civil forces is a reliable force and beneficial supplement for state control of grass-roots society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K244

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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2 張洪新;宋代縣制探析[D];山東大學(xué);2010年

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4 呂曉閩;宋代知縣、縣令若干問(wèn)題之研究[D];華東師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1679875