本文選題：明清　切入點(diǎn)：家教文化　出處：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2003年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 家教文化作為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分，是伴隨著社會(huì)的基本單元——家庭的出現(xiàn)而衍生的。它以大量的家訓(xùn)、家書(shū)為載體。在中國(guó)家教史上占有極其重要地位的明清家教文化，其繁盛是與特定的歷史時(shí)代分不開(kāi)的。明清時(shí)期君主專(zhuān)制達(dá)到頂峰，社會(huì)走向衰落，家教文化卻異常興盛。明清家教文化受實(shí)學(xué)思潮影響，出現(xiàn)通俗化趨向；隨著資本主義萌芽產(chǎn)生和西方科技的不斷傳入，涌現(xiàn)出大量商人家訓(xùn)、科技家傳等。 一、明清家教文化的主要內(nèi)容 1．修身養(yǎng)生 “修身、齊家、治國(guó)、平天下”是儒家思想的精華，通過(guò)立志、修身做人，進(jìn)德修業(yè)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)治國(guó)平天下的偉大抱負(fù)。而修身治國(guó)的前提，則是養(yǎng)生貴生，在壽祿康寧中求得進(jìn)取。 2．科舉出仕 隋唐時(shí)期興起的選拔官吏的科舉考試制度，到明清時(shí)期走向完備和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，這就產(chǎn)生了呆板的八股取士制度。在“學(xué)而優(yōu)則仕”的時(shí)代，涌現(xiàn)出許多勸學(xué)勉學(xué)、應(yīng)付考試的家教素材。 3．治生理財(cái) 每個(gè)人或家庭都要生活在物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)之上，尤其是那些士子學(xué)人之家，更需要講求治生之道，謀求治生之業(yè)，設(shè)計(jì)好人生宏偉藍(lán)圖。 4．為人處世 個(gè)人是社會(huì)群體中的一員，人只要生存于世，就要與他人相處，發(fā)生各種關(guān)系，諸如孝悌、交友、鄰里、納稅、婚喪、為官等方面。 5．商賈家訓(xùn) 明清商賈抵制傳統(tǒng)輕商觀，敬業(yè)樂(lè)群，伴隨商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而不斷壯大。不少文人官員也涉足商業(yè)，經(jīng)商蔚然成風(fēng)。商賈家教的主要內(nèi)容是立志、讀書(shū)、經(jīng)商，當(dāng)好學(xué)徒，練好基本功，遵行經(jīng)商道德，力 戒不良行徑等。 6．科技家傳 明清時(shí)期伴隨西學(xué)東漸思潮，傳統(tǒng)的科技家傳賦予了西學(xué)氣息， 產(chǎn)生了許多會(huì)通中西的科學(xué)家。同時(shí)，民間傳藝活動(dòng)開(kāi)始沖擊保守性， 出現(xiàn)了許多工藝教本。 7．憫物好生、仁愛(ài)萬(wàn)物 古人為追求天下和諧的理想境界，反對(duì)亂砍濫伐，主張愛(ài)惜物命， 培養(yǎng)仁慈寬厚之。�！� 8．女子家教 古代女子社會(huì)地位低，被剝奪了外出上學(xué)、繼承財(cái)產(chǎn)等權(quán)利，只 能在家中接受家庭教育，培養(yǎng)做孝女節(jié)婦、賢妻良母。 二、明清時(shí)期的家教，體現(xiàn)出一些重要的原則和方法，諸如重視 胎教、早教，言行一致，教愛(ài)結(jié)合，寬嚴(yán)相濟(jì)，男女異教，困材施教， 循序漸進(jìn)，誠(chéng)信無(wú)欺等原則和方法。 三、明清家教文化，存在著親和性、現(xiàn)實(shí)性、理想性、時(shí)代性、 通俗性，深受實(shí)學(xué)思潮影響；同時(shí)也存在著階級(jí)性、宿命論、重男輕 女、忽略家庭互動(dòng)、缺少性教育等局限。 明清家教文化在中國(guó)家教史上起著承前啟后的作用，其中有許多 著述經(jīng)常流于世面，對(duì)今人從事家庭教育產(chǎn)生一定影響。因而很有必 要挖掘、整理一下家教遺產(chǎn)，為今天的家教工作提供借鑒，，為獨(dú)生子 女教育開(kāi)啟新思路，奏好人生教育的重要樂(lè)章。
[Abstract]:Tutor China culture as an important part of traditional culture, is accompanied by the emergence of social basic family unit derived. It takes a large number of instructions, letter as the carrier. China occupies an extremely important position in the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Tutor tutor culture, its prosperity is inseparable with the specific historical period. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties monarchy reached its peak, the decline of society, family education was extremely prosperous. The Ming and Qing Dynasties culture by the influence of pragmatism education, the tendency of being popularized; with the continuous introduction of capitalism and the western science and technology, the emergence of a large number of merchant family, technological family.
First, the main content of the culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasty
1. health and health care
"Self, family, country, the world is the essence of Confucianism by aspiration, cultivating a man, and to realize the great ambition to rule the world. The premise of self-cultivation of the rule of law, is your health, get ahead in life Lukang Ning.
2. imperial official
Sui and Tang Dynasties period of the rise of the official selection of the imperial examination system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties became mature and standard, which has eight shares of rigid admission system. In the "official" era, the emergence of many quanxue mianxue, exam tutoring material.
3. management of financial management
Everyone or family needs to live on material basis. Especially those families of scholars and scholars, we need to stress the way of governing life, seek the industry of managing life, and design the grand blueprint of life.
4. is a man's life
The individual is a member of the social group, as long as people live in the world, to get along with others, in all kinds of relations, such as filial piety, friends, neighbors, weddings, and other aspects of the tax official.
5. merchant family
The Ming and Qing Dynasties FAMILIESTHE merchant, sociables, with the development of commodity economy and the growing number of scholars. Officials are also involved in the business, the business has become common practice. The main content is to tutor merchants, reading, business, a good apprentice, enhancing basic skills, comply with business ethics, force
Bad behavior, etc.
6. well-known technology
With the trend of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the traditional technological family endowed with Western flavor,
Will produce many Western scientists. At the same time, folk art activities began to impact the conservative,
There are many technological textbooks.
7.: Well, love all
The ancients to pursue an ideal world of harmony, against deforestation, advocates cherishing lives,
Cultivate kindness and grace.
8. women's tutoring
The ancient women were low in social status and were deprived of their right to go to school, to inherit property, and so on.
Can accept family education at home, do we cultivate seppu, as an understanding wife and loving mother.
Two, the tutors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties showed some important principles and methods, such as attention
Early childhood, as fetal education, teach with love, justice with mercy, and paganism, trapped teaching material,
Step by step, good faith and no bullying, and other principles and methods.
Three, there is affinity, reality, ideality and times in the culture of the Ming and Qing Dynasty.
Popular, popular ideological trend influence; there is also a class of fatalism, heavy male light
Women, neglecting family interaction, lack of sex education and other limitations.
The culture of family education in the Ming and Qing Dynasties played an important role in the history of Chinese tutoring, among which there were many
Writing is often flowing to the world and has a certain influence on the family education. It is very necessary.
We should dig out the family teaching heritage and provide reference for today's tutor work for the only child.
Female education opens new ideas and plays an important part in life education.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2003
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K248

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