本文選題：北魏　切入點(diǎn)：考課制度　出處：《中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2006年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 考課制度,是政府對(duì)官員的行政才能、道德素養(yǎng)等方面進(jìn)行考核的制度,它是中國(guó)古代傳統(tǒng)政治制度的重要一環(huán)。縱觀北魏考課制度發(fā)展的歷程,它經(jīng)歷了形成、確立、演變、破壞四個(gè)階段。 在道武帝到馮太后聽政這一時(shí)期,考課制度逐漸形成。由于胡漢二重行政體制的存在,考課對(duì)象主要是實(shí)行傳統(tǒng)州郡縣管理體制下的地方官員,對(duì)于中央行政體制中的外朝和內(nèi)朝官員,直接的考課資料闕如�？颊n的方式包括派遣大使巡行、皇帝親巡、吏民舉告地方官員不法等,太武帝太延元年,創(chuàng)建了刺史、太守、縣令層級(jí)考課的方式。地方官員的考課內(nèi)容除農(nóng)業(yè)(力)、賦役(財(cái))、戶口(恩)、法律(刑)、用人(政)五個(gè)方面外,仍著重于官員在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是否貪贓受賄。官員考課后的黜陟并沒(méi)有形成定制,政績(jī)優(yōu)良的官員得到衣、馬、布帛等賞賜,直到延興二年才制定了“歲積有成,遷位一級(jí)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這是北魏第一次明確地將考課的陟賞與官級(jí)的升遷聯(lián)系起來(lái)。而對(duì)考課為劣績(jī)的官員的黜罰是相當(dāng)嚴(yán)酷的,輕則杖罰、免所居官,重則處死。 孝文帝親政后,重用漢族士人進(jìn)行官制改革,胡漢二重行政體制逐漸向一元制轉(zhuǎn)化,從而考課對(duì)象擴(kuò)大到全體官員,考課后的黜陟也直接關(guān)系到官品的降、升。而且,孝文帝以“論考之事,理在不輕,問(wèn)績(jī)之方,應(yīng)關(guān)朕聽”為指導(dǎo)思想,親自掌握對(duì)官員的考課。太和十五年,考課制度作為一項(xiàng)政治制度明確的以法令的形式確立下來(lái)。最早確立的是針對(duì)地方官員的外考令,規(guī)定每年年終州、鎮(zhèn)以下首先實(shí)行分級(jí)考課,刺史、鎮(zhèn)將依據(jù)本州鎮(zhèn)所轄郡太守、縣令的政績(jī)定其品第上報(bào)中央,在中央進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一考課時(shí),其政績(jī)考核品第作為黜陟的依據(jù)。太和十八年在拓跋羽的建議下,中央官員的考課也形成定制,即由各曹長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)本部門官員的考課,依其政績(jī),分為上、中、下三等,上上、上中、上下、中等、下上、下中、下下七品,上下二等分別陟黜,中等守本。官品為六品以下的官員,由尚書省負(fù)責(zé)考課;五品以上的官員,皇帝與公卿論其政績(jī)善惡。而且確定了“三年一考,考即黜陟”的原則。孝文帝時(shí),中央政府對(duì)全部官員進(jìn)行考課,此時(shí)的中央集權(quán)可視為北魏之最強(qiáng)時(shí)期。 宣武帝時(shí)期,考課制度在各個(gè)方面更加完善,同時(shí)由于政治環(huán)境的變化,考
[Abstract]:The examination system, which is an important part of the traditional political system in ancient China, is the system that the government assesses the administrative ability and moral accomplishment of the officials. Throughout the course of the development of the course system of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it has gone through the formation, establishment and evolution. Destroy four stages. During the period from Daowu Emperor to Queen Mother Feng listening to politics, the examination system gradually formed. Due to the existence of the dual administrative system of Hu and Han, the subjects of the examination were mainly local officials under the traditional state, prefectural and county management system. For the officials of the external and internal dynasties in the central administrative system, the direct examination materials are not available. The methods of conducting the examination include sending ambassadors to patrol, the emperors on the inspection tour, the officials and the people suing local officials for malfeasance, and so on. Taiwu Emperor too extended the first year to create a history of thorns and too much to observe. The method of taking classes at the county level. The contents of the examination courses for local officials are in addition to five aspects: agriculture, taxation (wealth and labor), hukou (en Pu), law (punishment and punishment), and employment (politics). It is still focused on whether officials are corrupt or not economically. The official ouster after the examination did not form a custom. Officials with good achievements received rewards such as clothing, horses, cloth and silk. It was not until two years after Yanxing that the standard of "success in years of age and transfer to a higher level" was set. This was the first time in the Northern Wei Dynasty that the reward for taking the examination was clearly linked to the promotion of the official rank. However, the deposed punishment of the officials who did not perform well in the examination was quite harsh. After Emperor Xiaowen was in line with the government, the official system was reformed by reusing the Han scholars, and the two-tier administrative system of the Hu and Han dynasties gradually changed to the unitary system, so that the subjects of the examination were extended to all the officials, and the deposed cheok after the examination also had a direct bearing on the decline and promotion of the official products. Emperor Xiaowen, with the guiding ideology of "on the matter of examination, if the principle is not light and asks about achievements, should listen to me", personally grasps the examination course for officials. Taihe 15 years, As a political system, the examination system was clearly established in the form of a decree. The earliest establishment was an external examination order aimed at local officials, stipulating that at the end of each year, the states and towns should first implement the graded examination of courses and the history of the examination. The town will report its achievements to the central government according to the achievements of the county and county under its jurisdiction. When the central government conducts a unified examination, its performance assessment will be taken as the basis for dethroning the Cheok. Taihe was advised by Tuoyu for 18 years. The examination courses for central officials are also custom-made, that is, each Cao officer is responsible for the examination of officials of his own department. According to his political achievements, he is divided into upper, middle, third, upper, upper, upper, middle, middle, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, lower, Officials of the five or more levels, the emperor and public officials, discussed their achievements, good and evil. Moreover, the principle of "three years of examination, that is to say, dethroning oneself," was established. When Emperor Xiaowen was Emperor Xiaowen, The central government took exams on all officials, and the centralization of power could be regarded as the strongest of the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Xuanwu, the examination system was more perfect in all aspects. At the same time, due to the change of the political environment, the examination system was more perfect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號(hào)】：K239.21

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號(hào)：1623007