本文選題：唐代　切入點(diǎn)：官吏　出處：《廈門大學(xué)》2004年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：官吏制度是中國古代政治制度的重要組成部分，對官吏的任免是其不可或缺的內(nèi)容。然而長期以來，人們對官吏的選任極其關(guān)注，，對其對立面即官吏的整肅機(jī)制卻所論甚少。對官吏的懲治是整肅機(jī)制的重要內(nèi)容。由于時間、精力和學(xué)識有限，筆者擬只對唐代官吏的懲治問題進(jìn)行探討。 筆者利用大量唐代典籍資料，立足于官吏的懲治實(shí)踐而不僅僅是條文規(guī)定，較系統(tǒng)地論述了唐代官吏的懲治問題，在一些學(xué)者沒有或較少注意的方面做了深入研究。 唐代官吏受到懲治的原因有很多方面，主要是：職務(wù)不修、違反禮法、人事關(guān)系、連坐等。職務(wù)原因方面，已有成果多著墨于贓罪，對選薦不當(dāng)、軍事失利、稽緩、其它失職、公事連坐等幾種失職行為少有涉及；違禮受懲人們多關(guān)注的是逾制和不孝，筆者將與個人家庭生活密切相關(guān)的禮儀定義為私禮，其它與為官關(guān)系比較密切的則命名為公禮，增列了喪禮不敬、飲食失禮、朝班不肅、家庭不睦、殘忍不道、奸淫亂倫等幾種情況；人們對官吏因得罪皇帝、權(quán)臣而受懲罰的現(xiàn)象司空見慣，筆者對其進(jìn)行了歸類分析；官吏還因和同僚忿爭、結(jié)交受限人員或者自身性格缺陷而受懲治，這些方面學(xué)者們注意相對不足；將連坐細(xì)分為受親戚、朋友或者朋黨、座主或者舉主牽連等幾種情況。 唐代懲治官吏的方式為行政處罰、刑事處罰、物質(zhì)處罰、精神處罰。筆者分別對貶官、流刑、經(jīng)濟(jì)懲罰、立惡謚、復(fù)本姓或改惡姓名作了重點(diǎn)介紹，補(bǔ)充了量移的原因、量移前后期的變化、削階的影響、杖死的特點(diǎn)、罰俸之外的其他物質(zhì)處罰方式及精神處罰方式，并對各種懲治方式的輕重進(jìn)行了比較，對實(shí)施中的利弊得失進(jìn)行了分析。 筆者探討了影響唐代官吏受懲的諸因素與官吏懲治的效果�？颊n、監(jiān)察、司法、勸諫、特權(quán)、赦宥制度、皇帝意志及官吏本人或者他人一些因素都對官吏的懲治造成了影響。官吏受到懲治的原因直接影響懲治效果。無罪受罰 或者罰不當(dāng)罪會產(chǎn)生消極作用，但被錯罰的官吏如果素質(zhì)高，反而會對地方 的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生積極影響。 對于前人的一些提法，筆者也提出了自己的看法，如認(rèn)為察事廳子是人 而不是宦官所設(shè)的機(jī)構(gòu);降職和外遷不是貶官的規(guī)則;不得擅離貶遷之地并 非是針對左降官的限制;五考滿量移沒有成為定制;流刑的懲治范圍并非側(cè) 重政治斗爭;流刑的懲治力度并非名重實(shí)輕;流放者被判決后，并非要決杖 一頓;長流并不局限于反逆緣坐;腰斬并不是唐代后期或者前代酷刑，唐前 期既己存在等等。 唐代著名的治世，貞觀之治、開元之治、元和中興，正是嚴(yán)厲懲治官吏 的時期。因此，官吏的懲治與否，關(guān)系吏治的好壞;而吏治的好壞則與社會 的治亂局面息息相關(guān)。如果對官吏坐視不管，聽之任之，不采取懲治措施， 吏治情況無疑會很差。故官吏的懲治制度能夠在一定程度上發(fā)揮澄清吏治、 有利于社會發(fā)展的作用。
[Abstract]:Official system is an important part of the political system in ancient Chinese, appointment and removal of officials is the indispensable content. But for a long time, people paid great attention to the appointment, the opposite is the dismissal mechanism is less. The punishment of the officials is an important content of the system. Due to purge time, energy with limited knowledge, the author intends to probe into the punishment of the officials in the Tang Dynasty.
Based on a large number of Tang Dynasty's data, based on the practice of punishing officials, not only the provisions, but also the punishment of officials in the Tang Dynasty, we did some in-depth research in some areas which some scholars didn't pay much attention to.
The Tang Dynasty officials punished for many reasons, mainly is: the duty not to fix, in violation of law, human relations, even wait for the job. The reasons, results in more attention to crime of bribery, the election recommended improper military defeat, anti corrosion, other dereliction of duty, even as several official dereliction of duty against the less involved; people pay more attention to the ritual punishment system and is more than the lack of filial piety, and family life are closely related to the definition of etiquette for the private ceremony, compared with other official close relations are called public funeral ceremony, adding disrespect towards the diet class is not rude, Su, family discord, not cruelty, adultery several people of incest; officials offend the emperor, officials punished right It is quite common for the phenomenon, the author classified analysis of its officials; also because of arguing with associates, making friends with certain people and personality defects and punishment, these scholars pay attention to The relative lack of guilt; will be subdivided by relatives, friends or friends, or take the main seat of several main implicated.
The punishment of officials way for administrative punishment, criminal punishment, physical punishment, punishment. The author of the spirit of demotion, exile, economic punishment, made malicious, duplicate surname and changing the bad name is introduced, added the reason move, change shift period, cut order, staff characteristics death, other material punishment beyond the salary punishment and mental punishment, and the punishment degree were compared, the advantages and disadvantages of implementation are analyzed.
The author discusses the influence factors of the Tang Dynasty government official punished and punishment effect. The examination, supervision, judicial, advice, privilege, pardon system, the emperor and the officials will own or other factors have an impact on the punishment of the officials. The officials punished the reasons directly affect the results of innocence punished.
Or have the punishment exceed the crime will have a negative effect, but was wrong penalty if the officials of high quality, but it will place
The development has a positive impact.
For some of the previous formulation, the author also put forward their own views, such as the police office is one thing that
Rather than an organization established by the eunuchs; demotion and demotion relocation is not be moved down the rules; and
To be left down official restrictions; five year move did not become the custom of exile punishment scope is not side;
Heavy political struggle; the punishment is not a pure exile light; exile after the conviction, is not the key staff
A meal; flow is not limited to the inverse YuanZuo; cut is not the late Tang Dynasty or the previous generation of torture, before the Tang Dynasty
A period of existence and so on.
The famous Tang Dynasty Zhenguan reign, and rule of Kaiyuan, Yuanhe, is severely punish officials
The period of time. Therefore, the punishment of the officials or not, the relationship between the quality of the management; and the quality of the management and the society
The situation is closely related to the disorder. If the officials sit idly by, it does not take measures to punish,
Officials would be very poor. So the punishment of the officials to clarify the official management system can play to a certain extent,
It is beneficial to the social development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廈門大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K242

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號：1619687