本文選題：唐宋之際　切入點(diǎn)：馬政　出處：《南京師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 馬政,指的是國(guó)家對(duì)馬匹的繁育、飼養(yǎng)、使用、流通的行政管理及沿革變化,涉及相關(guān)的政令法令舉措,以及有關(guān)的人與事。馬在古代社會(huì)有著重要的地位,是個(gè)人地位、權(quán)勢(shì)、財(cái)富的象征,也是國(guó)家力量與財(cái)富的象征。統(tǒng)治者歷來十分重視對(duì)馬政的建設(shè)與發(fā)展。從夏商周至清,我國(guó)古代馬政經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展、變化的過程。 本文主要是在唐宋變革學(xué)說的影響下,總結(jié)前人的研究成果,對(duì)唐宋兩代的馬政機(jī)構(gòu)、牧監(jiān)、牧子、市馬制度作了一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的考察,認(rèn)為唐宋之際馬政發(fā)生了重大的變化: 首先,國(guó)家馬政機(jī)構(gòu)變遷不斷。唐代,馬政的管理權(quán)先后由太仆寺向群牧使、閑廄使、飛龍使過渡。宋代,馬政管理權(quán)先后由左、右騏驥二院向群牧司、太仆寺(受樞密院控制)、駕部轉(zhuǎn)移。馬政機(jī)構(gòu)的不斷變遷,是在士族制度衰弱的情況下,統(tǒng)治者加強(qiáng)皇權(quán)的重要措施。 其次,牧監(jiān)發(fā)展的不平衡與經(jīng)營(yíng)方式不同,牧子身份發(fā)生了變化。唐代牧監(jiān)規(guī)模十分龐大,而宋代則顯得有些相形見絀。形成這種差距的原因雖然跟西北牧場(chǎng)的丟失有關(guān),但是土地國(guó)有制向土地私有制轉(zhuǎn)變、租佃制盛行、牧監(jiān)與民爭(zhēng)利是最主要的原因。唐代前中期牧子的身份屬于賤民,包括奴隸、官戶和由奴隸、官戶放免而來又長(zhǎng)期被束縛在牧場(chǎng)上的白丁。唐代中期牧場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)了納資代役與和雇現(xiàn)象。發(fā)展到宋代,牧子一般由軍人擔(dān)當(dāng)。這是魏晉南北朝良賤制度逐漸瓦解的結(jié)果。 最后,國(guó)家越來越依賴于市馬制度。唐初國(guó)家市馬數(shù)量很少,也不頻繁,沒有形成定制。唐中期始,政府設(shè)有專門官員管理市馬事務(wù),定期定點(diǎn)向少數(shù)民族市馬。兩宋時(shí)期,雖然市馬區(qū)域多有變動(dòng),但國(guó)家市馬一年一次或數(shù)次,數(shù)量動(dòng)輒上萬。顯然,唐宋時(shí)期國(guó)家越來越依賴于市馬。市馬制度的興盛反映了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,土地上的收益遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于牧監(jiān)養(yǎng)馬;另一方面也反映了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)達(dá),影響著國(guó)家的政策。市馬制度與唐代之前著力發(fā)展牧監(jiān)、稅馬、掠奪馬匹等措施相較,也反映了國(guó)家由政治力量為主導(dǎo)向政治經(jīng)濟(jì)相結(jié)合主導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)變。
[Abstract]:Horse politics refers to the state's administrative management and evolution of the breeding, breeding, use and circulation of horses, which involve relevant decrees and decrees, as well as related people and matters. Horses played an important role in ancient society and were individuals. Power, the symbol of wealth, and also the symbol of national strength and wealth. Rulers have always attached great importance to the construction and development of horse politics. From Xia, Shang and Zhou to the Qing Dynasty, China's ancient horse politics experienced a process of continuous development and change. Under the influence of the transformation theory of Tang and Song dynasties, this paper summarizes the previous research results, and makes a systematic investigation on the horse-government institutions, pastoral supervisors, pastoralists, and city horse systems of the Tang and Song dynasties. It is concluded that the horse-politics has undergone great changes during the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, the management power of Ma Zheng was successively transferred from Taibushi Xiangqun, idle stables to Feilong. In the Song Dynasty, Ma Zheng's administrative power was successively transferred from the left and right Vernon Ji two courts to the Qun Pastoral Department. Taipu Temple (controlled by the Privy Council, the transfer of the ministry. The constant changes of the Ma political institutions, in the case of the weakening of the system, rulers to strengthen the imperial power of an important measure. Secondly, the imbalance in the development of pastoral supervision is different from the way of management, and the status of pastoral son has changed. The scale of pastoral prison in Tang Dynasty is very large, while the Song Dynasty appears to be somewhat dwarfed. Although the reason for this gap is related to the loss of pastures in Northwest China, However, the conversion of land state ownership to private land ownership, the prevalence of tenancy system, and the main reason for pastoral supervision and civil strife were the most important reasons. In the early and mid Tang Dynasty, the status of pastoral son belonged to the untouchable people, including slaves, official households and slaves. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, there appeared the phenomenon of accepting money as a substitute for service and employment in the pastures. In the Song Dynasty, the pastoral children were generally taken up by the military. This was the result of the gradual disintegration of the good and humble system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, which was the result of the gradual disintegration of the good and humble system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Finally, the state is increasingly dependent on the system of city horses. In the early Tang Dynasty, the number of national horses was small and infrequent, and there was no customization. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the government set up special officials to manage the affairs of the city horses, and regularly designated the horses to the minority nationalities. During the two Song dynasties, Although there are many changes in the city horse area, the number of the national market horse is easily increased by tens of thousands once a year or several times. Obviously, during the Tang and Song dynasties, the country became more and more dependent on the city horse system. The prosperity of the city horse system reflected the development of social productive forces. The income on the land is far higher than that on the grazing and keeping horses; on the other hand, it also reflects the developed commodity economy, which affects the state's policy. The system of city horses is compared with the measures taken before the Tang Dynasty to develop pastoral supervision, tax horses, and plunder horses. It also reflects the change from political power to political economy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K242

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 宮珊珊;北宋神宗朝西北軍需補(bǔ)給研究[D];西北師范大學(xué);2011年

2 顧士娟;唐代太仆寺研究[D];山東大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號(hào)：1617056