鄧寧—克魯格效應及其影響因素研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-11 17:12
【摘要】：鄧寧-克魯格效應是指個體在完成某項任務時對自己能力的評價產生的偏差,特別是那些絕對能力低的人,他們往往會對自己的能力做出高估的評價,甚至超過平均水平,相反,絕對能力高的人卻會做出較低的評價。究其原因是因為無論能力高或者能力低的個體在元認知能力上都存在缺陷,這使他們無法準確認知自己的能力。對于能力低的個體來說,元認知能力缺陷使他們過高估計自己的能力水平。而對能力高的個體來說,他們認知自己能力的線索來自他人表現,在缺乏社會比較線索時,他們便會無法認識到自己能力較高這一特征,而錯誤地認為自己的能力水平與他人差別不大,所以給出低于實際的自我評價。然而在中國文化背景下,能力水平不同的個體對自己的能力評價是否會呈現出這樣的趨勢呢?如果有,那么其影響因素是什么呢?文章通過設計三個研究,對個體在進行能力的自我評價時是否會出現鄧寧-克魯格效應及其影響因素進行探討。研究采取自編問卷調查的方式,讓被試先完成一份能力測試題目,然后收集其對于自己能力測試題目答對分數、能力測試排名的預測,并進行數據分析。在研究一中,被試進行中國歷史知識能力測試；研究二被試進行言語理解能力測試,并在五周后對處于能力排名最底端與最頂端的被試進行重測,重測時分別通過問卷的方式向其展示其他兩人的答卷,讓被試觀察后重新預測自己的答對題目分數與能力排名；研究三把能力測試材料換為簡單的邏輯判斷能力測試,采取被試間實驗設計,實驗組通過觀看一段元認知能力訓練視頻進行實驗操作,參照組在相同時間內觀看一段無關視頻,實驗后分別重新完成測試問卷,并作出相應答對題目分數與能力排名的預測。 研究采用spss16.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,結果部分支持了研究假設,根據結果得出如下結論： (1)在對能力進行自我評價時,大多數人會認為自己的能力水平超過于平均水平,但不會超過平均水平的10個百分位排名； (2)在對能力進行自我評價時,能力低的個體會顯著高估自己的能力,甚至超過平均水平,能力高的個體會對自己的能力產生低估； (3)能力低的個體在認知自己的能力時,更多關注自己的能力,能力高的個體更多關注他人的能力； (4)通過元認知能力的訓練,能力低的個體會降低自我評價,能力高的個體會提高自我評價,二者都更加接近能力的真實水平；
[Abstract]:The Dunning-Kruger effect is the bias in the individual's assessment of his or her ability to perform a task, especially those with low absolute abilities, who tend to overestimate, or even exceed average, their abilities. On the contrary, people with high absolute abilities make lower ratings. The reason is that individuals with high or low ability have defects in metacognitive ability, which makes them unable to recognize their own ability accurately. For individuals with low abilities, metacognitive deficits make them overestimate their abilities. For highly competent individuals, the clues to their ability come from others' performance, and when they lack a social comparative clue, they are unable to recognize that they are more capable. They mistakenly think that their ability level is not different from others, so they give a lower-level self-evaluation. However, in the context of Chinese culture, do individuals with different ability levels have such a tendency to evaluate their own ability? If so, what are the factors affecting it? By designing three studies, this paper discusses whether the Dunning-Kruger effect and its influencing factors will occur in the self-evaluation of individuals' ability. A self-designed questionnaire was used to ask the subjects to complete a competency test first, and then to collect the prediction of their own ability test questions, the ranking of the ability test, and to analyze the data. In the first middle school, the subjects tested the Chinese history knowledge ability; In the second study, the speech comprehension ability was tested, and the subjects who were at the bottom and the top of the ability rank were retest five weeks later. When the subjects were retest, they were shown the answers of the other two people by questionnaire. The subjects were asked to re-predict their right question scores and ability rankings after observation. In study 3, the ability test materials were changed into simple logical judgment ability test, and the experiment design was adopted. The experimental group operated by watching a metacognitive ability training video, and the reference group watched an irrelevant video in the same time. After the experiment, we completed the questionnaire again, and predicted the right question score and ability rank. Spss16.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the study. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) in the self-evaluation of ability, Most people think that their competence is above the average, but not above the average of the 10 percentile rankings; (2) in the self-evaluation of ability, the individual with low ability will significantly overestimate his ability, even exceed the average level, and the person with high ability will underestimate his ability; (3) the individuals with low ability pay more attention to their own ability while the individuals with high ability pay more attention to the ability of others; (4) through the training of metacognitive ability, the low ability individual will reduce the self-evaluation, the high ability individual will enhance the self-evaluation, both of them are closer to the real level of ability;
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842
本文編號：2325571
[Abstract]:The Dunning-Kruger effect is the bias in the individual's assessment of his or her ability to perform a task, especially those with low absolute abilities, who tend to overestimate, or even exceed average, their abilities. On the contrary, people with high absolute abilities make lower ratings. The reason is that individuals with high or low ability have defects in metacognitive ability, which makes them unable to recognize their own ability accurately. For individuals with low abilities, metacognitive deficits make them overestimate their abilities. For highly competent individuals, the clues to their ability come from others' performance, and when they lack a social comparative clue, they are unable to recognize that they are more capable. They mistakenly think that their ability level is not different from others, so they give a lower-level self-evaluation. However, in the context of Chinese culture, do individuals with different ability levels have such a tendency to evaluate their own ability? If so, what are the factors affecting it? By designing three studies, this paper discusses whether the Dunning-Kruger effect and its influencing factors will occur in the self-evaluation of individuals' ability. A self-designed questionnaire was used to ask the subjects to complete a competency test first, and then to collect the prediction of their own ability test questions, the ranking of the ability test, and to analyze the data. In the first middle school, the subjects tested the Chinese history knowledge ability; In the second study, the speech comprehension ability was tested, and the subjects who were at the bottom and the top of the ability rank were retest five weeks later. When the subjects were retest, they were shown the answers of the other two people by questionnaire. The subjects were asked to re-predict their right question scores and ability rankings after observation. In study 3, the ability test materials were changed into simple logical judgment ability test, and the experiment design was adopted. The experimental group operated by watching a metacognitive ability training video, and the reference group watched an irrelevant video in the same time. After the experiment, we completed the questionnaire again, and predicted the right question score and ability rank. Spss16.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the study. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) in the self-evaluation of ability, Most people think that their competence is above the average, but not above the average of the 10 percentile rankings; (2) in the self-evaluation of ability, the individual with low ability will significantly overestimate his ability, even exceed the average level, and the person with high ability will underestimate his ability; (3) the individuals with low ability pay more attention to their own ability while the individuals with high ability pay more attention to the ability of others; (4) through the training of metacognitive ability, the low ability individual will reduce the self-evaluation, the high ability individual will enhance the self-evaluation, both of them are closer to the real level of ability;
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842
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，本文編號：2325571
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