【摘要】：鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)是指?jìng)�(gè)體在完成某項(xiàng)任務(wù)時(shí)對(duì)自己能力的評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生的偏差,特別是那些絕對(duì)能力低的人,他們往往會(huì)對(duì)自己的能力做出高估的評(píng)價(jià),甚至超過(guò)平均水平,相反,絕對(duì)能力高的人卻會(huì)做出較低的評(píng)價(jià)。究其原因是因?yàn)闊o(wú)論能力高或者能力低的個(gè)體在元認(rèn)知能力上都存在缺陷,這使他們無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)知自己的能力。對(duì)于能力低的個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō),元認(rèn)知能力缺陷使他們過(guò)高估計(jì)自己的能力水平。而對(duì)能力高的個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō),他們認(rèn)知自己能力的線索來(lái)自他人表現(xiàn),在缺乏社會(huì)比較線索時(shí),他們便會(huì)無(wú)法認(rèn)識(shí)到自己能力較高這一特征,而錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為自己的能力水平與他人差別不大,所以給出低于實(shí)際的自我評(píng)價(jià)。然而在中國(guó)文化背景下,能力水平不同的個(gè)體對(duì)自己的能力評(píng)價(jià)是否會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出這樣的趨勢(shì)呢?如果有,那么其影響因素是什么呢?文章通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)三個(gè)研究,對(duì)個(gè)體在進(jìn)行能力的自我評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)鄧寧-克魯格效應(yīng)及其影響因素進(jìn)行探討。研究采取自編問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方式,讓被試先完成一份能力測(cè)試題目,然后收集其對(duì)于自己能力測(cè)試題目答對(duì)分?jǐn)?shù)、能力測(cè)試排名的預(yù)測(cè),并進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。在研究一中,被試進(jìn)行中國(guó)歷史知識(shí)能力測(cè)試；研究二被試進(jìn)行言語(yǔ)理解能力測(cè)試,并在五周后對(duì)處于能力排名最底端與最頂端的被試進(jìn)行重測(cè),重測(cè)時(shí)分別通過(guò)問(wèn)卷的方式向其展示其他兩人的答卷,讓被試觀察后重新預(yù)測(cè)自己的答對(duì)題目分?jǐn)?shù)與能力排名；研究三把能力測(cè)試材料換為簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯判斷能力測(cè)試,采取被試間實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)驗(yàn)組通過(guò)觀看一段元認(rèn)知能力訓(xùn)練視頻進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)操作,參照組在相同時(shí)間內(nèi)觀看一段無(wú)關(guān)視頻,實(shí)驗(yàn)后分別重新完成測(cè)試問(wèn)卷,并作出相應(yīng)答對(duì)題目分?jǐn)?shù)與能力排名的預(yù)測(cè)。 研究采用spss16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,結(jié)果部分支持了研究假設(shè),根據(jù)結(jié)果得出如下結(jié)論： (1)在對(duì)能力進(jìn)行自我評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),大多數(shù)人會(huì)認(rèn)為自己的能力水平超過(guò)于平均水平,但不會(huì)超過(guò)平均水平的10個(gè)百分位排名； (2)在對(duì)能力進(jìn)行自我評(píng)價(jià)時(shí),能力低的個(gè)體會(huì)顯著高估自己的能力,甚至超過(guò)平均水平,能力高的個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)自己的能力產(chǎn)生低估； (3)能力低的個(gè)體在認(rèn)知自己的能力時(shí),更多關(guān)注自己的能力,能力高的個(gè)體更多關(guān)注他人的能力； (4)通過(guò)元認(rèn)知能力的訓(xùn)練,能力低的個(gè)體會(huì)降低自我評(píng)價(jià),能力高的個(gè)體會(huì)提高自我評(píng)價(jià),二者都更加接近能力的真實(shí)水平；
[Abstract]:The Dunning-Kruger effect is the bias in the individual's assessment of his or her ability to perform a task, especially those with low absolute abilities, who tend to overestimate, or even exceed average, their abilities. On the contrary, people with high absolute abilities make lower ratings. The reason is that individuals with high or low ability have defects in metacognitive ability, which makes them unable to recognize their own ability accurately. For individuals with low abilities, metacognitive deficits make them overestimate their abilities. For highly competent individuals, the clues to their ability come from others' performance, and when they lack a social comparative clue, they are unable to recognize that they are more capable. They mistakenly think that their ability level is not different from others, so they give a lower-level self-evaluation. However, in the context of Chinese culture, do individuals with different ability levels have such a tendency to evaluate their own ability? If so, what are the factors affecting it? By designing three studies, this paper discusses whether the Dunning-Kruger effect and its influencing factors will occur in the self-evaluation of individuals' ability. A self-designed questionnaire was used to ask the subjects to complete a competency test first, and then to collect the prediction of their own ability test questions, the ranking of the ability test, and to analyze the data. In the first middle school, the subjects tested the Chinese history knowledge ability; In the second study, the speech comprehension ability was tested, and the subjects who were at the bottom and the top of the ability rank were retest five weeks later. When the subjects were retest, they were shown the answers of the other two people by questionnaire. The subjects were asked to re-predict their right question scores and ability rankings after observation. In study 3, the ability test materials were changed into simple logical judgment ability test, and the experiment design was adopted. The experimental group operated by watching a metacognitive ability training video, and the reference group watched an irrelevant video in the same time. After the experiment, we completed the questionnaire again, and predicted the right question score and ability rank. Spss16.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. The results partly supported the hypothesis of the study. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) in the self-evaluation of ability, Most people think that their competence is above the average, but not above the average of the 10 percentile rankings; (2) in the self-evaluation of ability, the individual with low ability will significantly overestimate his ability, even exceed the average level, and the person with high ability will underestimate his ability; (3) the individuals with low ability pay more attention to their own ability while the individuals with high ability pay more attention to the ability of others; (4) through the training of metacognitive ability, the low ability individual will reduce the self-evaluation, the high ability individual will enhance the self-evaluation, both of them are closer to the real level of ability;
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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本文編號(hào)：2325571