【摘要】：限制性飲食者（restricted eater）是指長期進(jìn)行飲食限制以達(dá)到控制體重或者減輕體重目的的慢性節(jié)食者，與臨床癥狀（如神經(jīng)性厭食，神經(jīng)性貪食）相比，限制性飲食者在人群中所占比例更大。限制性飲食者和節(jié)食者是兩個關(guān)系密切容易等同的兩個概念，而他們既有相似之處也存在著內(nèi)在區(qū)別。限制性飲食被認(rèn)為能預(yù)測飲食失調(diào)的發(fā)生，并且能夠預(yù)測其強度。參照對負(fù)面身體自我者、飲食失調(diào)者等的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論是身體意象障礙者和飲食障礙患者等臨床被試，還是限制性飲食者、高瘦身傾向個體等非臨床被試，他們在加工身體、身材或食物信息時存在注意偏向，表現(xiàn)出對這類信息的高度敏感，并把這種注意偏向解釋為對信息的注意警惕或注意敏感，但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，注意偏向還可能是由注意的脫離困難引起的；而且又有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，注意偏向還存在另一種成分一注意回避。也就是說，注意偏向的機制可能存在以下三種成分：注意警惕、注意脫離困難和注意回避。限制性飲食者和非限制飲食者在飲食失調(diào)發(fā)生的早期，對體重體形信息是否存在認(rèn)知資源分配上的差異，存在差異又表現(xiàn)在那些方面，是僅對超重圖片存在注意偏向還是對和體形體重相關(guān)的圖片都存在注意偏向？存在注意偏向的話，又表現(xiàn)在哪些成分上，是開始的注意警覺還是注意回避？所以，本研究采用體形體重相關(guān)的信息作為刺激材料，采用點探測范式，考察不同時程上，注意偏向成分的變化，發(fā)現(xiàn)限制性飲食者在體形信息呈現(xiàn)最初（200ms），相比于中性圖片，注意更容易朝向胖圖和瘦圖，從注意脫離指標(biāo)分析，在一段時間內(nèi)，認(rèn)知活動也是朝向體形圖片，而在隨后的注意中（500ms），卻表現(xiàn)出對體形相關(guān)圖片的注意回避。非限制性飲食者，雖然也存在對體形線索早期的注意警覺，不同的是，僅在胖圖上，非限制性飲食者表現(xiàn)出了注意回避。在后期（500ms）的注意偏向中，非限制性飲食者表現(xiàn)出對體形圖片的注意脫離困難。當(dāng)區(qū)分限制性飲食者為兩類亞型（成功者和失敗者）之后，注意成分變得復(fù)雜。成功者在注意的最初階段（200ms）表現(xiàn)出對體形胖瘦圖上早期的注意朝向以及認(rèn)知活動的脫離困難，分析表明，成功者更多的在早期將注意朝向瘦圖，對胖圖有一定程度上的脫離困難，對胖瘦兩種體形圖片在注意回避上無顯著差異，而在后期（500ms）的注意成分中，對體形圖片的都表現(xiàn)出注意回避，且更多的回避瘦圖片。失敗者在注意早期（200ms）更多的表現(xiàn)出對瘦圖片的注意朝向和脫離困難，，對胖圖片有注意回避的趨勢，而隨后（500ms）的注意中失敗者對胖圖片存在明顯的注意回避而對瘦圖片給予更多的認(rèn)知加工表現(xiàn)出注意脫離困難。結(jié)合眼動技術(shù)能夠更好的記錄成分的轉(zhuǎn)變，眼動實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)限制性飲食者對胖身體圖片注意偏向的時間進(jìn)程模式為：早期的注意定向偏向、早期的注意 探測加速以及持續(xù)到晚期的注意維持，未發(fā)現(xiàn)行為實驗中的注意回避；對瘦圖片一樣存在早期注意朝向、探測加速和后期的注意維持；非限制性飲食者對比中性圖片對體形圖片也存在注意定向偏向，但是對胖圖片的注意偏向與中性圖片差異并不顯著。 綜合以上研究，限制性飲食者對體形圖片存在注意偏向，且對胖瘦圖片都表現(xiàn)出警覺——維持，而非限制性飲食者僅表現(xiàn)出對瘦圖片的警覺—維持，而對胖圖片采取警覺——回避模式，這也許可以解釋限制性飲食者出現(xiàn)身體意向障礙進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)飲食失調(diào)的原因。
[Abstract]:Restricted eaters are chronic dieters who have a long-term dietary restriction to achieve weight control or weight loss. Restricted eaters account for a larger proportion of the population than clinical symptoms (such as anorexia nervosa or gluttony nervosa). Restricted eaters and dieters are closely related and easy to eat. Restricted diet is believed to predict the occurrence and intensity of eating disorders. Reference to studies on negative body selves, eating disorders, and other clinical subjects, including people with body image disorders and patients with eating disorders, or restrictions. Non-clinical subjects, such as those with a high lean tendency, exhibit a high degree of attention bias in processing body, body shape or food information, and interpret this attention bias as attention alertness or attention sensitivity to information. However, some studies have found that attention bias may also be caused by attention breaking away from difficulty. Difficult to cause; and studies have found that attention bias has another component, attention avoidance. In other words, the mechanism of attention bias may exist in the following three components: attention alert, attention out of difficulty and attention avoidance. Are there differences in the allocation of cognitive resources, and the differences are shown in those aspects: attention bias only for overweight pictures or attention bias only for pictures related to body weight? If there is attention bias, what are the components of attention bias, which is the initial attention alertness or attention avoidance? Body weight-related information was used as stimulus materials and point-detection paradigm was used to investigate the changes of attentional bias components in different time-course. It was found that the restrictive dieters presented the initial body shape information (200ms). Compared with the neutral pictures, attention was more likely to be directed towards fat and thin pictures. From the analysis of attentional disengagement index, cognitive activities were also observed during a period of time. Non-restrictive dieters showed attentional avoidance of body-related pictures during subsequent attention (500ms). Although early attention to body clues was also observed in non-restrictive dieters, the difference was that only on fat pictures, non-restrictive dieters showed attentional avoidance. Dieters showed difficulty in detaching attention from body image. When restrictive dieters were divided into two subtypes (successful and unsuccessful), attention components became complex. Successful people showed early attention orientation and difficulty in detaching cognitive activity from body image at the initial stage of attention (200 ms). The analysis showed that successful people had difficulty in detaching attention from body image. More attention was paid to lean pictures in the early stage, and more attention was paid to lean pictures. Losers showed more attention avoidance in the early stage of attention (200ms). Attention orientation and detachment difficulty were found in thin pictures, and attentional avoidance tended to be found in fat pictures. Later (500 ms) attention failure showed significant attentional avoidance to fat pictures and showed attentional detachment difficulty in giving more cognitive processing to thin pictures. The temporal patterns of attention bias to fat body pictures in current restrictive dieters are: early attention orientation bias, early attention bias.
There was no attentional avoidance in the behavioral experiment; there were early attentional orientation, detection acceleration and late attentional maintenance in the thin pictures; there was attentional orientation bias in the non-restrictive diet compared with the neutral pictures, but there was attentional bias and neutrality in the fat pictures. The difference is not significant.
Overall, restrictive dieters showed a bias toward body image, and showed vigilance to fat and thin pictures - maintenance, while non-restrictive dieters showed only vigilance to thin pictures - maintenance, and vigilance to fat pictures - avoidance pattern, which may explain restrictive dieters'physical intention disorder progression. And the cause of eating disorders.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：魯東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842

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