再認(rèn)與自由回憶任務(wù)中的部分線索效應(yīng)：機(jī)制和影響因素
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-14 08:12
【摘要】：記憶作為一種基本的心理過程,與其他心理活動密切相關(guān),人類知識和技能的獲得都離不開記憶的參與。 人們頭腦中存儲的信息遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于我們在某個特定的時間點(diǎn)所能回憶起來的內(nèi)容,在嘗試提取的過程中,信息能否被個體成功提取受諸多因素的影響。其中是否有足夠的提取線索是一個重要的因素。然而,提取線索并不總是促進(jìn)回憶。讓學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)習(xí)一系列材料,在隨后的測試階段,給學(xué)習(xí)者提供先前所學(xué)材料的一部分作為提取線索,讓其回憶剩余的材料,回憶成績反而比沒有提取線索時回憶成績差,該現(xiàn)象被稱為部分線索效應(yīng)。對于該現(xiàn)象,目前最受研究者關(guān)注的理論是提取抑制假說和策略破壞假說。提取抑制假說認(rèn)為在回憶過程中線索的提供使得個體對線索項目進(jìn)行內(nèi)隱提取,內(nèi)隱提取導(dǎo)致對相關(guān)聯(lián)項目的抑制,抑制是直接影響對項目的表征,因此不管使用任何提取線索來作為探測詞,對被抑制項目的提取都會遭到損害或削弱。而策略破壞假說則認(rèn)為提取階段所用的組織策略與編碼階段越相似,則受到的干擾作用越小,測試階段提供的部分線索降低這種相似性,使得被試形成新的策略,或付出更多的努力以恢復(fù)在編碼階段形成的策略。這兩個假說在以下兩個方面存在爭論：第一,部分線索對目標(biāo)項目的作用形式。前者認(rèn)為部分線索抑制了個體對目標(biāo)項目的表征,后者認(rèn)為部分線索破壞了個體對目標(biāo)項目的組織；第二,部分線索的作用時間。前者認(rèn)為部分線索效應(yīng)是相對持久的,后者認(rèn)為部分線索效應(yīng)是短暫的。 本研究對再認(rèn)與自由回憶任務(wù)中部分線索效應(yīng)的機(jī)制和影響因素進(jìn)行了探討。 整個研究分為研究一和研究二兩部分。 研究一分別從記憶成分加工分離、個體差異和抑制時間進(jìn)程3個角度對提取抑制假說進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。 共包括4個實(shí)驗(yàn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)1采用學(xué)習(xí)-再認(rèn)任務(wù),采用單因素兩水平(有部分線索,無部分線索)被試內(nèi)設(shè)計,從記憶成分分離的角度考察部分線索對熟悉和記住這兩個記憶成分的影響,從而為提取抑制假說提供證據(jù)。實(shí)驗(yàn)1a采用記得-知道程序,實(shí)驗(yàn)1b采用接受者操作特征程序進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)1a的結(jié)果；實(shí)驗(yàn)2采用與實(shí)驗(yàn)la相同的程序,記錄個體在有部分線索和無部分線索條件下再認(rèn)階段的腦電變化,從認(rèn)知神經(jīng)的角度考察部分線索對于記憶的抑制作用；實(shí)驗(yàn)3從個體差異的角度,以工作記憶容量和Stroop效應(yīng)為指標(biāo),考察抑制能力高低個體的部分線索效應(yīng),從而驗(yàn)證部分線索效應(yīng)的抑制控制機(jī)制；實(shí)驗(yàn)4把部分線索效應(yīng)經(jīng)典范式和情緒Stroop范式結(jié)合,采用3(回憶方式：情緒詞部分線索回憶,情緒詞自由回憶,中性詞自由回憶)×4(實(shí)驗(yàn)條件：情緒Stroop-提取,提取-情緒Stroop,提取-情緒Stroop-提取,提取不充分-情緒Stroop)混合實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計,以對目標(biāo)詞顏色的判斷反應(yīng)時和對目標(biāo)詞的回憶成績?yōu)橹笜?biāo),考察部分線索效應(yīng)認(rèn)知抑制進(jìn)程。 研究二主要考察編碼-提取匹配和線索負(fù)荷對部分線索效應(yīng)的影響作用。 共包括實(shí)驗(yàn)2個實(shí)驗(yàn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)5考察編碼-提取匹配對部分線索效應(yīng)的影響,實(shí)驗(yàn)5a采用2(線索呈現(xiàn)階段字體與學(xué)習(xí)階段字體一致程度：一致,不一致)×2(回憶條件：部分線索,無部分線索)兩因素混合設(shè)計,從知覺背景匹配角度考察編碼-提取匹配對于部分線索效應(yīng)的影響；實(shí)驗(yàn)5b采用五組實(shí)驗(yàn)處理(A：高關(guān)聯(lián)詞表自由回憶；B：高關(guān)聯(lián)詞表具有匹配性的部分線索回憶；C：高關(guān)聯(lián)詞表不匹配的部分線索回憶；D：低關(guān)聯(lián)詞表自由回憶；E：低關(guān)聯(lián)詞表不匹配的部分線索回憶),從語義內(nèi)容匹配的角度考察編碼-提取匹配對部分線索效應(yīng)的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)6在實(shí)驗(yàn)5的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合編碼-提取匹配和線索負(fù)荷,采用2(線索負(fù)荷：高、低)×2(線索目標(biāo)關(guān)聯(lián)度：高,低)的混合設(shè)計,考察這兩者對部分線索效應(yīng)的共同作用。 結(jié)合研究一和研究二的結(jié)果,可得出以下結(jié)論： (1)從行為結(jié)果來看,在再認(rèn)任務(wù)中,部分線索的呈現(xiàn)降低了目標(biāo)項目的整體表征強(qiáng)度；從ERP結(jié)果來看,在新舊判斷中,部分線索的呈現(xiàn)影響了表征熟悉性的FN400新舊效應(yīng),在記得/知道判斷中,部分線索的呈現(xiàn)影響了表征熟悉性的知道的新舊效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果支持單加工過程模型。 (2)工作記憶容量與部分線索效應(yīng)存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系,Stroop效應(yīng)與部分線索效應(yīng)存在負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明抑制能力越強(qiáng),部分線索效應(yīng)量越大,研究結(jié)果支持提取抑制假說。 (3)部分線索的抑制作用在部分線索呈現(xiàn)之后即發(fā)生,提取未完成時,抑制持續(xù)存在,研究結(jié)果支持提取抑制假說,同時也對提取抑制假說做了一定補(bǔ)充,即抑制的持續(xù)時間受隨后是否有提取任務(wù)的調(diào)節(jié)。 (4)增加編碼-提取匹配程度能降低部分線索的消極作用,這種作用受線索負(fù)荷的影響；當(dāng)部分線索能夠提供目標(biāo)項目的辨別信息時,能提高回憶成績。編碼-提取匹配和線索負(fù)荷共同作用是部分線索效應(yīng)的邊界條件。
[Abstract]:As a basic psychological process, memory is closely related to other psychological activities, and the acquisition of human knowledge and skills is inseparable from the participation of memory.
The information stored in people's minds is far greater than what we can recall at a particular time point. In the process of trying to extract, whether information can be extracted by the individual is affected by many factors. Whether there is enough clue is an important factor. However, the extraction of clues does not always promote memory. The learners learn a series of materials, and in the subsequent stage of testing, provide the learners with a part of the previously learned material as an extraction clue to recollection of the remaining materials. The memory performance is rather less than that of the recollection results without the extraction of clues. This phenomenon is called a partial clue effect. For this phenomenon, the most concerned theories are concerned by the researchers. Extraction inhibition hypothesis and strategy destruction hypothesis. The extraction inhibition hypothesis holds that the supply of clues in the memory process makes the individual implicitly extract the clue items, the implicit extraction leads to the inhibition of the associated items, and the inhibition is directly affecting the characterization of the project. Therefore, no matter how to use any clue as a probe, it is suppressed. The extraction of the project is damaged or weakened. The strategy destruction hypothesis suggests that the more similar the organizational strategy is in the extraction phase, the smaller the interference effect is, the partial clues provided by the test stage reduce the similarity, making the subjects form a new strategy or pay more effort to restore the coding phase. The two hypotheses are debated in the following two aspects: first, the role of some clues to the target project. The former holds that some clues depress the individual's representation of the target item, and the latter thinks that some clues destroy the organization of the individual to the target item; second, the role time of some clues. The cueing effect is relatively persistent. The latter thinks part of the cueing effect is transient.
This study explored the mechanism and influencing factors of some cueing effects in recognition and free recall tasks.
The whole study is divided into 22 parts: research one and research.
In the study 1, the hypothesis of inhibition of extraction was tested from 3 aspects, namely, the processing and separation of memory components, the individual differences and the time course of inhibition.
A total of 4 experiments were included. In Experiment 1, a single factor two level (partial clue, no partial clue) was used in the study and recognition task, and the effects of some clues on the understanding and remembering of the two memory components were investigated from the point of view of the separation of memory components, thus providing evidence for the extraction of the suppressor hypothesis. Experiment 1A adopted the memory know program, Experimental 1b used the receiver operating characteristic program to further verify the results of experimental 1a. In Experiment 2, the same program as experimental La was used to record the brain electrical changes in the recognition stage of the individual under some clues and without some clues, and to investigate the inhibitory effect of partial clues on memory from the Perspective of cognitive nerve; Experiment 3 from individual differences. In terms of working memory capacity and Stroop effect, the partial cueing effect of individuals with high or low ability of inhibition was examined, and the inhibitory control mechanism of partial clue effect was verified. In Experiment 4, the combination of the classical and emotional Stroop paradigms of partial cues was combined and 3 (recollection formula: emotional words partial clue recall and free recall of emotional words) was used. Free recollection of neutral words) x 4 (experimental conditions: emotional Stroop- extraction, extraction - emotional Stroop, extraction - emotional Stroop- extraction, extraction of emotional Stroop) mixed experiment design, in order to judge the color of target words and the memory performance of target words as indicators, to investigate the cognitive inhibition process of partial clue effect.
Study two mainly investigates the influence of code extraction matching and cue load on partial cueing effect.
A total of 2 experiments were included in the experiment. Experiment 5 investigated the effect of part cues on the matching of encoding and extraction. Experiment 5A used 2 (consistent, inconsistent) 2 (recollection condition: partial clue, no part clue) of two factors. The effect of matching on partial cues effect was taken; experimental 5B was treated with five groups of experimental processing (A: highly correlated word list free recall; B: Part cue recollection of matching words with high correlation words; C: Part cue recollection of mismatching of high correlation words; D: low correlation word list free recall; E: Part clues of mismatch of low correlation word list) From the point of view of semantic content matching, the effect of part cues on the matching of encoding and extraction is examined. Experiment 6, on the basis of Experiment 5, combines coding extraction matching and clue load, using a mixed design of 2 (cue load: high, low) * 2 (cue target association degree: high, low), to investigate the common effects of these two on partial cues effect.
Based on the results of research 1 and two, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) from the results of the behavior, the presentation of some clues in the recognition task reduced the overall characterization intensity of the target project; from the ERP results, in the new and old judgments, the presentation of some clues influenced the new and old FN400 effects of the characterization of familiarity, and in the judgment of remembering / knowing, the presentation of some clues influenced the knowledge of the familiarity of the characterization. The results of the study support the single processing model.
(2) there is a positive correlation between the capacity of working memory and some cues effect, and there is a negative correlation between the Stroop effect and the partial cue effect, which indicates that the stronger the inhibition ability, the greater the partial cue effect, and the results support the extraction inhibition hypothesis.
(3) the inhibitory effect of some clues occurs after some clues are presented, and the inhibition persists when the extraction is not completed. The results support the extraction of inhibition hypothesis and also make a supplement to the extraction inhibition hypothesis, that is, the duration of inhibition is regulated by the subsequent extraction task.
(4) increasing the degree of coding and matching can reduce the negative effect of some clues, which is affected by the clue load; when some clues can provide the identification information of the target item, the memory performance can be improved. The boundary condition of the partial cues effect is the combination of encoding and matching and the clue load.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842.3
本文編號：2121022
[Abstract]:As a basic psychological process, memory is closely related to other psychological activities, and the acquisition of human knowledge and skills is inseparable from the participation of memory.
The information stored in people's minds is far greater than what we can recall at a particular time point. In the process of trying to extract, whether information can be extracted by the individual is affected by many factors. Whether there is enough clue is an important factor. However, the extraction of clues does not always promote memory. The learners learn a series of materials, and in the subsequent stage of testing, provide the learners with a part of the previously learned material as an extraction clue to recollection of the remaining materials. The memory performance is rather less than that of the recollection results without the extraction of clues. This phenomenon is called a partial clue effect. For this phenomenon, the most concerned theories are concerned by the researchers. Extraction inhibition hypothesis and strategy destruction hypothesis. The extraction inhibition hypothesis holds that the supply of clues in the memory process makes the individual implicitly extract the clue items, the implicit extraction leads to the inhibition of the associated items, and the inhibition is directly affecting the characterization of the project. Therefore, no matter how to use any clue as a probe, it is suppressed. The extraction of the project is damaged or weakened. The strategy destruction hypothesis suggests that the more similar the organizational strategy is in the extraction phase, the smaller the interference effect is, the partial clues provided by the test stage reduce the similarity, making the subjects form a new strategy or pay more effort to restore the coding phase. The two hypotheses are debated in the following two aspects: first, the role of some clues to the target project. The former holds that some clues depress the individual's representation of the target item, and the latter thinks that some clues destroy the organization of the individual to the target item; second, the role time of some clues. The cueing effect is relatively persistent. The latter thinks part of the cueing effect is transient.
This study explored the mechanism and influencing factors of some cueing effects in recognition and free recall tasks.
The whole study is divided into 22 parts: research one and research.
In the study 1, the hypothesis of inhibition of extraction was tested from 3 aspects, namely, the processing and separation of memory components, the individual differences and the time course of inhibition.
A total of 4 experiments were included. In Experiment 1, a single factor two level (partial clue, no partial clue) was used in the study and recognition task, and the effects of some clues on the understanding and remembering of the two memory components were investigated from the point of view of the separation of memory components, thus providing evidence for the extraction of the suppressor hypothesis. Experiment 1A adopted the memory know program, Experimental 1b used the receiver operating characteristic program to further verify the results of experimental 1a. In Experiment 2, the same program as experimental La was used to record the brain electrical changes in the recognition stage of the individual under some clues and without some clues, and to investigate the inhibitory effect of partial clues on memory from the Perspective of cognitive nerve; Experiment 3 from individual differences. In terms of working memory capacity and Stroop effect, the partial cueing effect of individuals with high or low ability of inhibition was examined, and the inhibitory control mechanism of partial clue effect was verified. In Experiment 4, the combination of the classical and emotional Stroop paradigms of partial cues was combined and 3 (recollection formula: emotional words partial clue recall and free recall of emotional words) was used. Free recollection of neutral words) x 4 (experimental conditions: emotional Stroop- extraction, extraction - emotional Stroop, extraction - emotional Stroop- extraction, extraction of emotional Stroop) mixed experiment design, in order to judge the color of target words and the memory performance of target words as indicators, to investigate the cognitive inhibition process of partial clue effect.
Study two mainly investigates the influence of code extraction matching and cue load on partial cueing effect.
A total of 2 experiments were included in the experiment. Experiment 5 investigated the effect of part cues on the matching of encoding and extraction. Experiment 5A used 2 (consistent, inconsistent) 2 (recollection condition: partial clue, no part clue) of two factors. The effect of matching on partial cues effect was taken; experimental 5B was treated with five groups of experimental processing (A: highly correlated word list free recall; B: Part cue recollection of matching words with high correlation words; C: Part cue recollection of mismatching of high correlation words; D: low correlation word list free recall; E: Part clues of mismatch of low correlation word list) From the point of view of semantic content matching, the effect of part cues on the matching of encoding and extraction is examined. Experiment 6, on the basis of Experiment 5, combines coding extraction matching and clue load, using a mixed design of 2 (cue load: high, low) * 2 (cue target association degree: high, low), to investigate the common effects of these two on partial cues effect.
Based on the results of research 1 and two, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) from the results of the behavior, the presentation of some clues in the recognition task reduced the overall characterization intensity of the target project; from the ERP results, in the new and old judgments, the presentation of some clues influenced the new and old FN400 effects of the characterization of familiarity, and in the judgment of remembering / knowing, the presentation of some clues influenced the knowledge of the familiarity of the characterization. The results of the study support the single processing model.
(2) there is a positive correlation between the capacity of working memory and some cues effect, and there is a negative correlation between the Stroop effect and the partial cue effect, which indicates that the stronger the inhibition ability, the greater the partial cue effect, and the results support the extraction inhibition hypothesis.
(3) the inhibitory effect of some clues occurs after some clues are presented, and the inhibition persists when the extraction is not completed. The results support the extraction of inhibition hypothesis and also make a supplement to the extraction inhibition hypothesis, that is, the duration of inhibition is regulated by the subsequent extraction task.
(4) increasing the degree of coding and matching can reduce the negative effect of some clues, which is affected by the clue load; when some clues can provide the identification information of the target item, the memory performance can be improved. The boundary condition of the partial cues effect is the combination of encoding and matching and the clue load.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B842.3
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