本文選題：癢 + 威脅感��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：癢是外界刺激輕微作用于皮膚后的一種觸覺感受,它使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生威脅感,保持一種警戒狀態(tài),從而產(chǎn)生汗毛倒立、起雞皮疙瘩的生理反應(yīng),出現(xiàn)回避、擋開行為,產(chǎn)生厭惡、驚訝等消極情緒。從行為表現(xiàn)來看,被撓癢后個(gè)體似乎體驗(yàn)到一種愉悅的感受。因而Drawin和Hecker認(rèn)為幽默的笑和撓癢的笑應(yīng)具有共同的作用機(jī)制。但其實(shí)撓癢后個(gè)體更多體驗(yàn)到一種積極情緒和消極情緒雜糅的不適感(HarrisChristenfeld,1999),要比幽默的笑更為復(fù)雜。在1897年Hall,Alli調(diào)查人體易癢部位,發(fā)現(xiàn)癢感受性高的部位往往集中在面對(duì)面沖突中容易受到攻擊的地方。由此可見撓癢更像是個(gè)體在進(jìn)化過程中對(duì)于生存斗爭(zhēng)的一種模擬游戲,而這種游戲需要在人際互動(dòng)中進(jìn)行。不久Harris和Christenfeld (1999)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)無論是人撓癢還是機(jī)器撓癢,都能喚起個(gè)體癢感受,撓癢并不一定需要有他人參與,它更多地是依賴于刺激的不可控制性和不可預(yù)測(cè)性。因而在回答“為什么人在自己撓自己的時(shí)候癢的強(qiáng)度會(huì)低得多”的問題時(shí),大多數(shù)研究者更傾向于認(rèn)為對(duì)刺激的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)是個(gè)體自發(fā)撓癢時(shí)癢感受性衰減的重要原因,如果個(gè)體可以自行撓癢,那也就失去了防衛(wèi)外界攻擊或危害的價(jià)值(Ellis,1921)�？梢姲W是個(gè)體對(duì)于威脅的一種觸覺感知。威脅感是個(gè)體對(duì)外界或個(gè)體內(nèi)部刺激的一種消極負(fù)面認(rèn)知,并將這種刺激知覺為會(huì)對(duì)自己的生存和發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不利影響,從而引發(fā)個(gè)體的不安全感和焦慮、恐懼等負(fù)性情緒,出于自我保護(hù)的目的,個(gè)體會(huì)積極調(diào)動(dòng)自身注意資源,提高反應(yīng)速度,產(chǎn)生回避行為,以期最大程度降低威脅刺激對(duì)自己的影響。其中疼痛是個(gè)體響應(yīng)威脅的最重要機(jī)制,因而我們可以從癢與疼痛的關(guān)系中去探求癢與威脅的關(guān)聯(lián)。Kepecs (1961)等人認(rèn)為Tickle和Itch均與皮膚疼痛系統(tǒng)有關(guān)。癢的傳輸需要涉及觸覺以及痛覺的神經(jīng)回路,當(dāng)切除痛覺神經(jīng)后個(gè)體對(duì)癢的反應(yīng)也會(huì)降低。那么癢與威脅感之間究竟是一種什么關(guān)系呢?撓癢產(chǎn)生的笑是否是一種積極情緒?為什么不可預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)于撓癢反應(yīng)如此重要?本研究通過實(shí)驗(yàn)來探索這些問題。 研究一：通過操縱觸覺類型將被試分為撓癢、輕觸和無碰觸三組,分別查看他們對(duì)于威脅性圖片和中性圖片反應(yīng)時(shí)和評(píng)分情況的變化。研究二：運(yùn)用聲音類型(撓癢笑聲、愉悅笑聲和無聲音)來探索他們各自在威脅性圖片和中性圖片反應(yīng)時(shí)和評(píng)分上的差異,驗(yàn)證撓癢聲音是否能產(chǎn)生與撓癢刺激本身相同的效應(yīng)。研究三：引入fMRI技術(shù),通過被試對(duì)撓癢笑聲、愉悅笑聲、疼痛叫聲和無聲音聲音類別的判斷,探索不同聲音類型的腦區(qū)激活差異,以及撓癢笑聲和疼痛叫聲腦區(qū)激活的相似性。在本研究條件下,得出以下結(jié)論： (1)撓癢刺激會(huì)促進(jìn)個(gè)體對(duì)威脅性圖片的加工傾向,而輕觸和無碰觸則沒有這種效果。 (2)撓癢笑聲可以與過去的撓癢經(jīng)歷建立聯(lián)結(jié),從而產(chǎn)生與撓癢相似的效果,使個(gè)體對(duì)威脅性刺激產(chǎn)生注意偏向,出現(xiàn)高估威脅性信息的威脅程度,并會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地將中性信息知覺為負(fù)性威脅信息。 (3)用fMRI檢測(cè)不同類型聲音腦區(qū)激活情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)愉悅笑聲主要激活的是左側(cè)中央后回、左側(cè)頂下緣角回、右側(cè)枕中回和右側(cè)背外側(cè)額上回；撓癢笑聲在右側(cè)枕中回、右側(cè)角回、右側(cè)梭狀回、小腦右側(cè),右側(cè)舌回、右側(cè)額中回和右側(cè)頂下緣角回活動(dòng)顯著；疼痛的叫聲激活區(qū)域主要分布在右側(cè)枕中回、楔前葉、右側(cè)額中回以及右側(cè)背外側(cè)額上回和距狀裂周圍皮層。愉悅笑聲和撓癢笑聲腦區(qū)激活差異主要在顳上回,而疼痛叫聲和撓癢笑聲主要在左側(cè)中央前回和中央后回有差異。 (4)撓癢的笑聲與愉悅的笑聲不同,它更像是個(gè)人對(duì)撓癢焦慮產(chǎn)生的一種能促進(jìn)互動(dòng)的防御機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:Itching is a kind of tactile sensation after the external stimulus slightly acts on the skin. It causes a sense of threat to the individual, maintains a state of vigilance, and produces a hair stand, a physical reaction of goose pimples, evasion, disgust, surprise and other negative emotions. From behavior, the individual seems to experience a kind of discovery after the itching. So Drawin and Hecker think humorous laughter and scratchy laughter have a common mechanism. But in fact, after scratching, the individual more experience a mixture of positive and negative emotions (HarrisChristenfeld, 1999), more complex than humorous laughter. In 1897 Hall, Alli investigated the itching parts of the human body and found itching. The highly sensitive parts tend to be concentrated in a face-to-face conflict where it is easy to be attacked. It can be seen that scratching is more like an individual's simulation game for survival in the process of evolution, which needs to be conducted in interpersonal interaction. Harris and Christenfeld (1999) soon find that it is itching or machine scratching. It can arouse the itching of the individual, and it does not necessarily need to be involved. It is more dependent on the uncontrollability and unpredictability of the stimulus. Therefore, most researchers tend to think that the accurate prediction of stimulus is more than the question of "why the intensity of the itching is much lower when the person scratches yourself." The important reason for the itching attenuation of spontaneous itching is that if the individual can tickle itself, it loses the value of the defensive attack or harm (Ellis, 1921). It can be seen that itching is a sense of tactile perception for the individual. A sense of threat is a negative negative perception of the individual's stimulation of the outside or individual, and this stimulus is known. It will have adverse effects on their own survival and development, thus causing individual insecurity and anxiety, fear and other negative emotions. For the purpose of self protection, individuals will actively mobilize their own attention resources, improve their response speed, and produce avoidance behavior, in order to minimize the impact of threats on themselves. The most important mechanism of body response to threats is that we can explore the association of itching and menace in the relationship between itching and pain.Kepecs (1961) and others believe that both Tickle and Itch are related to the skin pain system. Itching needs to involve the nerve circuits of touch and pain, and the response to itching will also be reduced after the excision of the pain. What is the relationship between itching and the sense of threat? Is it an active mood? Why can't it be so important to predict the response to the scratch response? This study explored these problems through experiments.
Study 1: by manipulating the tactile type, the subjects were divided into three groups of scratching, touching and without touch, and examining their response to the response to the threat and neutral pictures and the changes in the scoring. Study two: To explore their respective threat images and neutral pictures by using sound types (scratching laughter, pleasurable laughter and no sound). The difference between time and score to verify whether the scratching sound can produce the same effect as the tickle stimulus itself. Study three: introduce fMRI technology to explore the differences in activation of brain regions of different sound types, as well as scratchy laughter and pain call, through the trial of the judgment of scratching laughter, pleasurable laughter, pain calls and the category of sound free sound. The similarity of activation is obtained. Under the conditions of this study, the following conclusions are drawn:
(1) scratching stimulation can promote individual's processing tendency toward threatening pictures, but touch and touch are not effective.
(2) the tickling laughter can be linked to the past scratching experience, resulting in a similar effect to the scratching, causing the individual to pay attention to the threat stimulus, the threat of overestimating the threat information, and the mistaken perception of neutral information as a negative threat information.
(3) the activation of different types of sound brain regions was detected by fMRI. It was found that the pleasurable laughter was mainly activated by the left central posterior gyrus, the left apical rim gyrus, the right occipital gyrus and the right dorsal lateral frontal gyrus, the flexible laughter in the right occipital gyrus, the right angular gyrus, the right fusiform gyrus, the right side of the small brain, the right lingual gyrus, right right frontal gyrus and right and lower edge angle of the right side. The activation areas of the pain were mainly in the right occipital gyrus, the anterior lobe of the wedge, the right frontal gyrus, and the right dorsal lateral frontal gyrus and the peritropic cortex. The activation difference was mainly in the upper temporal gyrus, while the pain and the tickling laugh were mainly in the left anterior central and the central posterior gyrus. Different.
(4) itchy laughter is different from cheerful laughter. It is more like an individual's defense mechanism that promotes interaction and itching.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B845

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相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 李士穎;癢與威脅感之間的關(guān)系研究[D];西南大學(xué);2014年

2 李劍斌;fMRI視覺刺激實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及數(shù)據(jù)分析方法的研究[D];太原理工大學(xué);2012年

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