本文選題：反事實思維 + 行為意向　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：反事實思維是指對現(xiàn)實在心理上的替代性模擬,即把已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果和原本可能但實際未出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比,個體對過去事件加以心理否定并構(gòu)建出一種假設(shè)可能的思維活動。反事實按照不同的分類方式,可分為上行、下行反事實思維;加法、減法、替代式反事實思維;或然、可然、應(yīng)然反事實思維。反事實思維具有兩種功能:情緒功能和準(zhǔn)備功能。行為意向是人們給自己以某個特定的方式行動的指示。反事實思維通過促進(jìn)行為意向,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)行為的改變是內(nèi)容相關(guān)通路,通過這個通路改變行為包括以下三步:(1)問題引發(fā)反事實思維,(2)反事實思維引發(fā)行為意向,(3)行為意向引發(fā)相應(yīng)的行為。在內(nèi)容相關(guān)通路中,對于行為的調(diào)節(jié)來說,上行比較比下行比較更有用,在上行比較中,更關(guān)注于新的行動和新的策略。加法式反事實思維通常包含了更多的創(chuàng)造性,包含了對于新的選擇更多的考慮,減法式反事實思維受限于已發(fā)生的事實。事件類型包括日常生活事件和重大生活事件兩類。消極事件比積極事件更容易引發(fā)反事實思維,且上行反事實思維更為個體提供準(zhǔn)備性功能,即負(fù)性生活事件與行為意向的聯(lián)系更緊密,因此本文的研究對象主要為負(fù)性生活事件。目前國內(nèi)外對反事實思維對行為意向的影響的研究主要集中在日常負(fù)性生活事件,對于重大負(fù)性生活事件的研究極少。反事實思維內(nèi)容包括抽象和具體兩種,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)改變事件的描述會影響反事實思維,與抽象的描述相比,具體的描述能夠引發(fā)更多的上行反事實思維。反事實思維與行為意向的關(guān)系也會受到反事實思維內(nèi)容的影響,有研究采用兩種不同類型的內(nèi)容信息,根據(jù)認(rèn)知層次的變化,一類是特定的/具體的行為,一類抽象的行為,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)對于日常生活事件,相比于更概括化的反事實思維,當(dāng)其中包含了怎樣能夠避免消極結(jié)果的更具體的信息時,更可能促進(jìn)行為意向的判斷。本研究采用順序啟動范式,研究不同類型事件中反事實思維對行為意向的影響,探討反事實思維內(nèi)容是否會影響這個過程。重點關(guān)注以下兩個問題:(1)實驗一主要探討對于日常生活事件和重大生活事件,反事實思維是否都能促進(jìn)行為意向;(2)實驗二主要探討反事實思維內(nèi)容(具體/抽象)是否會影響反事實思維與行為意向的關(guān)系,以及在不同類型的事件中是否會有不同的影響。預(yù)實驗證明個體更多的自發(fā)產(chǎn)生上行加法式反事實思維,且對以后行為均具有較為積極的影響。也為后續(xù)實驗選出了日常生活事件和重大生活事件各十個。實驗一是2(事件類型:日常生活事件/重大生活事件)×2(啟動:反事實思維/經(jīng)驗思維)混合實驗設(shè)計,事件類型為被試內(nèi)變量,反事實思維/經(jīng)驗思維為被試間變量。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)事件類型主效應(yīng)不顯著,啟動(反事實思維/經(jīng)驗思維)主效應(yīng)顯著,事件類型和啟動交互作用不顯著,說明在日常生活事件和重大生活事件條件下,反事實思維均能促進(jìn)對行為意向的判斷,且在兩種事件類型下無顯著差異。為了更進(jìn)一步研究反事實思維內(nèi)容對不同類型的事件的反事實思維對行為意向的影響進(jìn)行了研究二。實驗二是2(日常生活事件/重大生活事件)×2(啟動:反事實思維/經(jīng)驗思維)×2(反事實思維內(nèi)容:具體/抽象)被試內(nèi)設(shè)計。研究假設(shè)為對于日常生活事件,當(dāng)反事實思維內(nèi)容是具體的時候,與經(jīng)驗思維相比,反事實思維能夠促進(jìn)行為意向;當(dāng)反事實思維內(nèi)容是抽象的時候,與經(jīng)驗思維相比,反事實思維不能夠促進(jìn)行為意向。對于重大生活事件,不管反事實思維內(nèi)容是具體還是抽象,與經(jīng)驗思維相比,反事實思維都能夠促進(jìn)行為意向。重復(fù)測量方差分析結(jié)果表明事件類型主效應(yīng)不顯著,啟動(反事實思維/經(jīng)驗思維)主效應(yīng)顯著,反事實思維內(nèi)容主效應(yīng)顯著,事件類型和啟動的交互作用不顯著,事件類型和反事實思維內(nèi)容的交互作用不顯著,啟動和反事實思維內(nèi)容的交互作用顯著,進(jìn)一步做簡單效應(yīng)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)在具體的反事實思維內(nèi)容條件下,反事實和經(jīng)驗組的差異顯著,在抽象的反事實思維內(nèi)容條件下,反事實和經(jīng)驗組的差異不顯著,事件類型、啟動和反事實思維內(nèi)容的交互作用不顯著。綜上所述,得出如下結(jié)論:(1)對于日常生活事件和重大生活事件,反事實思維相對于經(jīng)驗思維都能夠促進(jìn)行為意向的判斷,且促進(jìn)效應(yīng)沒有顯著差異。(2)對于日常生活事件和重大生活事件,當(dāng)反事實思維內(nèi)容是具體的時候,與經(jīng)驗思維相比,反事實思維能夠促進(jìn)行為意向;當(dāng)反事實思維內(nèi)容是抽象的時候,與經(jīng)驗思維相比,反事實思維不能夠促進(jìn)行為意向。
[Abstract]:Anti factual thinking refers to the psychological alternative simulation of reality, that is, comparing the results that have appeared and the original but not the actual results. The individual has a psychological negation of the past events and a hypothetical thinking activity. The anti fact can be divided into the upper line and the reverse fact thinking according to the different classification methods. Dimension; addition, subtraction, and alternative anti factual thinking; or, however, it should be anti factual thinking. Anti factual thinking has two functions: emotional function and preparation function. Behavioral intention is a directive for people to act in a particular way. The change of behavior through this path includes the following three steps: (1) the problem triggers anti factual thinking, (2) anti factual thinking triggers behavioral intentions, and (3) behavioral intentions lead to corresponding behavior. In the content related pathway, the upper line is more useful than the downlink in the regulation of behavior, and in the upper comparison, more attention is paid to new actions and new ones. Strategy. Additive anti factual thinking usually contains more creativity, including more consideration for new choices, subtractive anti factual thinking is limited to the facts that have occurred. The type of event includes two types of daily life events and major life events. Negative events are more likely to cause anti factual thinking than positive events, and the upside of negative events. Real thinking provides more preparatory function for individuals, that is, negative life events and behavioral intentions are more closely linked. Therefore, the main object of this study is negative life events. At present, the research on the effect of anti factual thinking on behavioral intention is mainly focused on the daily negative life events and the study of major negative life events. The content of anti factual thinking includes two kinds of abstract and concrete. The study finds that the description of changing events will affect the anti factual thinking. Compared with the abstract description, the specific description can lead to more uplink anti factual thinking. The relationship between anti factual thinking and behavioral intention will also be influenced by the content of anti factual thinking, and two studies use it. Different types of content information, according to the changes in the cognitive level, a class of specific / specific behavior, a class of abstract behavior, and the results are found to be more likely to promote behavioral intentions when compared to more general anti factual thinking, when it contains more specific information about how to avoid negative results. This study uses the sequential starting paradigm to study the effect of anti factual thinking on behavioral intentions in different types of events and to explore whether the content of anti factual thinking affects the process. The following two questions are focused on: (1) the experiment is mainly about whether the anti factual thinking can be promoted in the daily life events and the heavy life events. (2) experiment two mainly discusses whether the content of anti factual thinking (specific / Abstract) will affect the relationship between anti factual thinking and behavioral intention, and whether there will be different effects in different types of events. The pre experiment proves that the individual more spontaneous produce upside addition anti factual thinking and is more active in future behavior. We also selected ten daily life events and ten major life events for the follow-up experiment. The experiment one is 2 (event type: daily life event / major life event) x 2 (start: anti fact thinking / experiential thinking) mixed experiment design, the event type is the subject variable, the anti fact thinking / experiential thinking is the subject variable. The result is the result. The main effect of the current event type is not significant. The main effect of starting (anti factual thinking / experiential thinking) is significant, and the event type and the initiation interaction are not significant. It shows that in the daily life events and the major life events, the anti factual thinking can promote the judgment of the behavior intention, and there is no significant difference under the two types of events. Study the effect of anti factual thinking on anti factual thinking of different types of events. Two. Experiment two is 2 (daily life event / major life event) x 2 (start: anti factual thinking / experiential thinking) x 2 (anti fact thinking content: concrete / Abstract) in trial design. Research hypothesis is for daily life. When the content of anti factual thinking is specific, anti factual thinking can promote behavioral intention compared with experiential thinking. When anti factual thinking is abstract, anti factual thinking can not promote behavioral intention compared with experiential thinking. For major life events, the content of anti factual thinking is specific or abstract, and it is also abstract. The result of repeated measurement of variance analysis shows that the main effect of the event type is not significant, the main effect of the start (anti factual thinking / experiential thinking) is significant, the main effect of the anti factual thinking content is significant, the interaction between the event type and the start is not significant, the event type and the content of the anti factual thinking are not significant. The interaction is not significant, and the interaction between start and anti factual thinking is significant. Further analysis of simple effect finds that the difference between anti factual and empirical groups is significant under the specific anti factual thinking content conditions. Under the abstract anti factual thinking content, the difference between the anti fact and the experience group is not significant, the type of event, the start and the start of the fact. The interaction of anti factual thinking is not significant. To sum up, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) for daily life events and major life events, anti factual thinking and experiential thinking can promote the judgment of behavioral intention, and there is no significant difference in promoting effect. (2) anti factual thinking for daily life events and major life events. When the content of dimension is specific, anti factual thinking can promote behavioral intention compared with experiential thinking; when the content of anti factual thinking is abstract, anti factual thinking can not promote behavioral intention compared with experiential thinking.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842

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