本文選題：認(rèn)知控制 + 認(rèn)知的穩(wěn)定性與靈活性權(quán)衡　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：認(rèn)知控制是個體以適應(yīng)環(huán)境為目的,以當(dāng)前目標(biāo)或者任務(wù)為導(dǎo)向而調(diào)整自己的行為方式、認(rèn)知偏向和決策風(fēng)格的能力。作為個體行為方式和認(rèn)知加工的內(nèi)部機(jī)制,認(rèn)知控制的過程既要求個體在面對干擾刺激時能專注于目標(biāo),也要求個體能根據(jù)環(huán)境要求靈活調(diào)整自己的行為反應(yīng)和認(rèn)知方式。對認(rèn)知控制的穩(wěn)定性與靈活性權(quán)衡的相關(guān)研究是近年來心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究熱點。目前,國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)有很多研究探討積極情緒和獎勵在認(rèn)知穩(wěn)定性與靈活性上的影響及其神經(jīng)機(jī)制,并達(dá)成了較為一致的觀點,即積極情緒促進(jìn)認(rèn)知的靈活性,獎勵刺激促進(jìn)認(rèn)知的穩(wěn)定性。同時也初步揭示了多巴胺系統(tǒng)、藍(lán)斑-去甲腎上腺素系統(tǒng)、杏仁核等腦區(qū)和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)在認(rèn)知加工中的關(guān)鍵作用。然而部分研究得出了不同的結(jié)論,這可能是由刺激的呈現(xiàn)方式和任務(wù)設(shè)置的不同等多種因素導(dǎo)致的。根據(jù)已有的研究,我們已經(jīng)觀察到積極情緒和獎勵在認(rèn)知控制的加工過程中既有分離效應(yīng)又有相似作用,其實際影響會因?qū)嶒灧妒健⑷蝿?wù)相關(guān)性、能否被個體意識到等多種因素而產(chǎn)生差異。為了擴(kuò)展認(rèn)知控制的研究范圍并進(jìn)一步探明其與積極情緒和獎勵之間的關(guān)系,本研究采用無意識版本的沖突任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換范式,以Goschke效應(yīng)為因變量指標(biāo),嘗試以系列實驗的方式來探討積極情緒的表現(xiàn)相關(guān)性和獎勵動機(jī)對無意識刺激誘發(fā)的認(rèn)知的穩(wěn)定性與靈活性的影響與有意識狀態(tài)下的異同。正式實驗采用三因素被試內(nèi)實驗設(shè)計,以不同效價的情緒圖片與不同量級的獎勵組合構(gòu)成不同的實驗條件,首先閾下呈現(xiàn)啟動刺激,再要求被試對目標(biāo)刺激進(jìn)行反應(yīng)以完成兩個不同簡單任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換,接著進(jìn)行迫選實驗以保證掩蔽操作的有效性,最后分析比較不同實驗條件的反應(yīng)時、錯誤率和Goschke值以得出結(jié)論。實驗結(jié)果:1、預(yù)實驗得到了顯著的Goschke效應(yīng)(p0.01),說明無意識條件下存在Goschke效應(yīng),我們的實驗操作是可行的;2、表現(xiàn)無關(guān)積極情緒能促進(jìn)個體的認(rèn)知靈活性(p0.05),表現(xiàn)相關(guān)積極情緒能促進(jìn)個體的認(rèn)知穩(wěn)定性(p0.05);3、獎勵能促進(jìn)個體的認(rèn)知穩(wěn)定性(p=0.056)。以上結(jié)果表明:在無意識刺激誘發(fā)狀態(tài)下,積極情緒和獎勵同樣會影響認(rèn)知控制的加工過程,積極情緒會促進(jìn)認(rèn)知的靈活性,獎勵動機(jī)會促進(jìn)認(rèn)知的穩(wěn)定性,但在積極情緒中加入獎勵刺激會使得個體的認(rèn)知加工更偏向于穩(wěn)定。綜上所述,積極情緒和獎勵動機(jī)這兩個因素在認(rèn)知控制上的作用并不穩(wěn)定,它們既可以增強(qiáng)也可以妨礙個體的行為表現(xiàn)。我們的研究提供了一種新思路,把認(rèn)知控制的研究范圍擴(kuò)展到了無意識領(lǐng)域,進(jìn)一步加深了對積極情緒、獎勵動機(jī)和認(rèn)知控制三者之間關(guān)系的認(rèn)識,強(qiáng)調(diào)了深入研究認(rèn)知控制的不同影響因素的重要性。未來的研究還需要運(yùn)用f MRI、ERP和f NIRS等技術(shù)來進(jìn)一步探索它們之間的關(guān)系與神經(jīng)機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:Cognitive control is the ability of individuals to adjust their behavior, cognitive bias and decision-making style in order to adapt to the environment and to adapt to the current goal or task. As an internal mechanism of individual behavior and cognitive processing, the process of cognitive control requires individuals to focus on their goals in the face of interference stimuli, and to adjust their behavioral responses and cognitive styles flexibly according to the requirements of the environment. The balance between stability and flexibility of cognitive control is a hot topic in the field of psychology in recent years. At present, there have been many studies at home and abroad to explore the effects of positive emotions and rewards on cognitive stability and flexibility and their neural mechanisms, and have reached a more consistent view, that is, positive emotions promote cognitive flexibility. Reward stimuli promote cognitive stability. The key roles of dopamine system, locus coeruleus norepinephrine system, amygdala and neurotransmitters in cognitive processing were also revealed. However, some studies have drawn different conclusions, which may be caused by different factors of the presentation of stimulus and task setting. Based on previous studies, we have observed that positive emotions and rewards have both a separate effect and a similar effect in the process of cognitive control, and their actual effects may be due to the experimental paradigm and task relevance. Whether it can be realized by the individual and so on many factors and so on produces the difference. In order to expand the scope of cognitive control and further explore the relationship between cognitive control and positive emotions and rewards, this study adopts the unconscious version of conflict task transformation paradigm, using the Goschke effect as the dependent variable. A series of experiments were conducted to explore the effects of positive emotion performance correlation and reward motivation on cognitive stability and flexibility induced by unconscious stimulation as well as the similarities and differences in conscious state. The formal experiment was designed with three factors in the subjects, and different experimental conditions were formed by different emotion pictures with different titers and different levels of rewards. First, the subthreshold priming stimulus was presented. The subjects were then asked to react to the target stimulus to complete the conversion of two different simple tasks, and then forced selection experiments were conducted to ensure the effectiveness of the masking operation. Finally, the response of different experimental conditions was analyzed and compared. Error rate and Goschke value to draw conclusions. The result of the experiment was: 1: 1. The significant Goschke effect, p0.01, was obtained in the preexperiment, indicating the existence of the Goschke effect in the unconscious. Our experiment is feasible. Expressing independent positive emotion can promote individual's cognitive flexibility, performance related positive emotion can promote individual's cognitive stability, reward can promote individual's cognitive stability, and reward can promote individual's cognitive stability. The results show that in the state of unconscious stimulation, positive emotion and reward will also affect the process of cognitive control, positive emotion will promote cognitive flexibility, and reward motivation will promote cognitive stability. But adding reward stimuli to positive emotions makes individual cognitive processing more stable. In conclusion, two factors, positive emotion and reward motivation, play an unstable role in cognitive control, which can not only enhance or hinder the behavior of individuals. Our research provides a new way to extend the study of cognitive control to the unconscious, further deepening the understanding of the relationship between positive emotion, reward motivation and cognitive control. The importance of studying the different influencing factors of cognitive control is emphasized. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the relationship and neural mechanism between them by using the techniques of f MRI ERP and f NIRS.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842.6

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本文編號：1990756