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食品安全管理中的信任結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)制

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-04-13 08:55

  本文選題:食品安全 + 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì); 參考:《吉林大學(xué)》2014年博士論文


【摘要】:在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,民以食為天,食以安為先。食品安全問題,不僅關(guān)系到人類的生存和健康,而且還關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮和國家的和諧與穩(wěn)定。近年來,食品安全事件的頻繁發(fā)生,不僅損害了消費(fèi)者的身體健康,還極大地影響了食品行業(yè)的發(fā)展,導(dǎo)致了人們對食品安全的不信任,對政府食品安全管理的不信任。在學(xué)術(shù)界,目前,國內(nèi)食品安全管理中的信任研究主要是在宏觀的現(xiàn)象層面、態(tài)度層面以及制度層面展開的,很少有研究者從微觀的心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域展開研究。然而,心理學(xué)研究表明,在當(dāng)今全球化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)中,公眾對于食品安全問題的評價(jià)(主觀的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感知)與管理者、工業(yè)家、專家(技術(shù)性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估)有著很大的差異,導(dǎo)致了二者之間不可調(diào)和的矛盾。Wynne等研究者認(rèn)為,解決這種矛盾的關(guān)鍵是加強(qiáng)公眾對食品安全管理的信任。由此我們可以看出,食品安全管理中的信任研究具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和理論意義。 在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)社會(huì)中,信任的心理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),公眾主要采用主觀的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感知去評價(jià)食品安全問題,因此傾向于信任與他們有相似價(jià)值觀的管理者;而專家采用的是技術(shù)性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估,因此傾向于通過對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)行為的理性計(jì)算去指導(dǎo)可靠性評價(jià)。很明顯,這里展現(xiàn)了兩種類型的信任:一種基于與他人之間的關(guān)系,另一種基于對過去行為或記錄的評價(jià),即關(guān)系的信任和計(jì)算的信任。由此我們可以看出,信任有不同的維度。Earle等研究者從理論上提出,信任分為關(guān)系的信任和計(jì)算的信任,關(guān)系的信任基于群體成員關(guān)系和共享的價(jià)值觀,它沒有客觀的、準(zhǔn)確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只要存在價(jià)值觀相似性,個(gè)體就會(huì)表現(xiàn)出這種信任,因此關(guān)系的信任是對稱的,即消息事件降低信任的程度和積極事件提高信任的程度差異不顯著;計(jì)算的信任基于過去的行為表現(xiàn),有客觀的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只要現(xiàn)實(shí)情況與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不符,就會(huì)立即破壞這種信任,因此計(jì)算的信任是不對稱的,即消極事件降低信任的程度強(qiáng)于積極事件提高信任的程度。由此我們可以看出,不同的信任維度表現(xiàn)出不同的對稱性和不對稱性。此外,信任是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策。由于人的認(rèn)知能力有限,是“有限理性”的個(gè)體,為了減少認(rèn)知上的復(fù)雜性,人們在進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策的時(shí)候往往采用啟發(fā)式策略。因此,信任判斷也往往采用啟發(fā)式策略。信任有其認(rèn)知和情感基礎(chǔ),對人和事物的情感反應(yīng)是可靠性判斷的啟發(fā)式線索;同時(shí),認(rèn)知的信任是由知識(shí)來推動(dòng)的,而知識(shí)來自于對信托者行為或名聲的觀察,即知識(shí)是獲得性的。因此,信任會(huì)受到情感啟發(fā)式的影響,也會(huì)受到獲得性啟發(fā)式的影響。關(guān)系的信任基于信任者與他人之間的關(guān)系,主要與目的、意圖有關(guān),如價(jià)值觀相似性和積極情感,這說明關(guān)系的信任受到情感啟發(fā)式的影響;計(jì)算的信任基于他人過去的行為,如行為記錄和名聲,這說明計(jì)算的信任受到獲得性啟發(fā)式的影響。由此我們可以看出,不同信任維度表現(xiàn)出不同的對稱性或不對稱性機(jī)制,可能是由于它們采用的啟發(fā)式不同。本文希望通過實(shí)證的方法來證明這些觀點(diǎn)在食品安全管理中的合理性。目前,在食品安全領(lǐng)域,人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和研究者的研究重點(diǎn)都集中于食品生物技術(shù),如食品添加劑、農(nóng)藥和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等,因此,本文針對性地對這三方面進(jìn)行了考察。 綜上,本文實(shí)施了三個(gè)研究。研究1探索了食品安全管理中信任的心理結(jié)構(gòu)。通過探索性因子分析和驗(yàn)證性因子分析,本研究得出,在食品安全管理中,信任包括兩個(gè)維度:關(guān)系的信任和計(jì)算的信任。然而,在三個(gè)具體的食品安全問題上,信任的結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同。在食品添加劑和農(nóng)藥領(lǐng)域中,信任包括關(guān)系的信任、政府行為感知和熟悉性;在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品領(lǐng)域中,信任包括關(guān)系的信任、政府行為感知和政府行為品質(zhì)。研究2探索了食品安全管理中不同信任維度的對稱性和不對稱性機(jī)制。通過方差分析,本研究得出,在食品安全管理中,關(guān)系的信任表現(xiàn)出對稱性,計(jì)算的信任表現(xiàn)出不對稱性。具體而言,在食品添加劑和農(nóng)藥領(lǐng)域中,關(guān)系的信任表現(xiàn)出對稱性,政府行為感知和熟悉性表現(xiàn)出不對稱性;在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品領(lǐng)域中,關(guān)系的信任和政府行為品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)出對稱性,政府行為感知表現(xiàn)出不對稱性。研究3驗(yàn)證了啟發(fā)式是否是導(dǎo)致不同信任維度表現(xiàn)出對稱性和不對稱性機(jī)制的原因。結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的分析得出,數(shù)據(jù)與模型的擬合狀況良好。也即是,關(guān)系的信任是由情感啟發(fā)式啟動(dòng)的,因此表現(xiàn)出對稱性;計(jì)算的信任是由獲得性啟發(fā)式啟動(dòng)的,因此表現(xiàn)出不對稱性。具體而言,回歸系數(shù)的結(jié)果顯示,在食品安全管理中,情感啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響關(guān)系的信任,獲得性啟發(fā)式不能顯著地影響計(jì)算的信任;在食品添加劑領(lǐng)域中,情感啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響關(guān)系的信任,獲得性啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響政府行為感知;在農(nóng)藥領(lǐng)域中,情感啟發(fā)式不能顯著地影響關(guān)系的信任,但獲得性啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響政府行為感知;在轉(zhuǎn)基因食品領(lǐng)域中,,情感啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響關(guān)系的信任,獲得性啟發(fā)式能顯著地影響政府行為感知。
[Abstract]:In recent years , the study of trust in food safety management is mainly about strengthening the public trust in food safety management . However , the research on trust in food safety management is of great practical significance and theoretical significance in the study of trust in food safety management .

In the risk society , the trust psychology research finds that the public mainly adopts subjective risk perception to evaluate the food safety problem , so it tends to trust the managers who have similar values with them ;
It is obvious that there are two types of trust : one is based on the relationship with others , the other is based on the trust of the relationship and the trust of the calculation , that is , the trust and the calculated trust of the relationship .
Trust is a kind of risk decision . As a result , trust is a kind of risk decision . As a result , trust is a kind of risk decision . Because people ' s cognitive ability is limited , it is a kind of risk decision . In addition , trust is a kind of risk decision .
At the same time , the trust of cognition is driven by knowledge , and knowledge comes from the observation of the behavior or reputation of the trustee , that is , knowledge is acquired . Therefore , the trust will be influenced by the emotional heuristic , and will also be influenced by the acquired heuristic . The trust of the relationship is based on the relationship between the trustee and others , which is mainly related to the purpose and intention , such as value similarity and positive emotion , which indicates that the trust of the relationship is influenced by the emotional heuristic .
The calculated trust is based on past behavior of others , such as behavior records and reputation , which illustrates that the calculated trust is influenced by the acquired heuristic . As a result , we can see that different trust dimensions show different symmetry or asymmetry mechanisms , possibly due to their different heuristic . In the field of food safety , the focus of people ' s attention and the research focus of researchers are focused on food biotechnology , such as food additives , pesticides and genetically modified foods . Therefore , this paper reviews the three aspects .

Based on the analysis of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis , this study concludes that in food safety management , trust includes two dimensions : trust and trust of relationship . However , trust is different in the field of food additives and pesticides . In the field of food additives and pesticides , trust includes the trust of the relationship , the perception and familiarity of government behavior ;
In the field of genetically modified foods , trust includes the trust of the relationship , the perception of government behavior and the quality of government behavior . The study explores the symmetry and asymmetry mechanism of different trust dimensions in food safety management .
In the field of transgenic foods , the trust of the relationship and the quality of government behavior show symmetry , and the perception of government behavior is asymmetric . The study 3 verifies whether the heuristic is the cause of the symmetry and asymmetry mechanism of the different trust dimensions . The analysis of the structural equation model shows that the fitting condition of the data and the model is good .
The calculated trust is initiated by the acquired heuristic , thus exhibiting asymmetry . Specifically , the results of the regression coefficient show that in the food safety management , the emotional heuristic can significantly influence the trust of the relationship , and the acquired heuristic cannot significantly affect the trust of the calculation ;
In the field of food additives , emotional heuristic can significantly influence the trust of the relationship , and the acquired heuristic can significantly influence the perception of government behavior ;
In the field of pesticides , emotional heuristic can not significantly influence the trust of the relationship , but the acquired heuristic can significantly influence the perception of government behavior ;
In the field of transgenic foods , emotional heuristic can significantly influence the trust of the relationship , and the acquired heuristic can significantly influence the perception of government behavior .

【學(xué)位授予單位】:吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2014
【分類號(hào)】:B842

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