本文選題：生成認(rèn)知　切入點(diǎn)：知覺(jué)　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：人類(lèi)被認(rèn)知問(wèn)題困擾了幾千年,其中的知覺(jué)問(wèn)題更是占據(jù)特殊地位——它溝通了“物理域”與“心理域”。本文建立在哲學(xué)、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)和認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)等多學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)之上,針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知主義的局限與困境,嘗試探討生成認(rèn)知進(jìn)路的知覺(jué)觀,從而進(jìn)一步揭示認(rèn)知的本質(zhì)。傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知主義的核心是“機(jī)械隱喻”,認(rèn)為知覺(jué)是一個(gè)信息加工流程和一個(gè)神經(jīng)運(yùn)行過(guò)程,這在本體論上是笛卡爾式二元論的立場(chǎng)的延續(xù),在方法論上沿襲了西方近代科學(xué)的構(gòu)成論、機(jī)械論研究傳統(tǒng)和個(gè)體主義研究取向。在科學(xué)實(shí)踐上最終陷入了知覺(jué)對(duì)客觀世界反映的真實(shí)性、知覺(jué)的“非充分性決定”、直接知覺(jué)與間接知覺(jué)等問(wèn)題的持久爭(zhēng)論之中。傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)知主義非但無(wú)法解決“物理域”與“心理域”之間的鴻溝,反而陷入一個(gè)新的表征與知覺(jué)體驗(yàn)之間的“心—心”問(wèn)題的邏輯鴻溝。具身認(rèn)知在反對(duì)“機(jī)械隱喻”的道路上邁出了可貴的第一步,然而,它并不能充當(dāng)嚴(yán)格意義上的研究范式。生成認(rèn)知進(jìn)路指明了新的方向,它不僅給出“身—心”問(wèn)題真正的解決方案,同時(shí)提供一個(gè)兼容認(rèn)知心理學(xué)、神經(jīng)科學(xué)、生物學(xué)和哲學(xué)等多學(xué)科的平臺(tái)和銜接認(rèn)知科學(xué)各領(lǐng)域的核心理念。生成進(jìn)路的核心是倡導(dǎo)生命與認(rèn)知的深刻連續(xù)性,并主張?jiān)谶@個(gè)連續(xù)體上研究認(rèn)知。它建立在自治、具身、涌現(xiàn)、意義建構(gòu)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)等核心理念之上,所謂認(rèn)知指的是,自治的行動(dòng)者為了產(chǎn)生和維持自身,建基于積極的意義建構(gòu)活動(dòng),并生成自己的“意義世界”的過(guò)程。關(guān)于認(rèn)知的理論首先是關(guān)于知覺(jué)的理論,生成進(jìn)路不是從“輸入—輸出”關(guān)系,而是從自治的行動(dòng)者出發(fā),在動(dòng)態(tài)的感知運(yùn)動(dòng)環(huán)路中探尋知覺(jué)。關(guān)于知覺(jué)基本問(wèn)題的探討有助于我們檢驗(yàn)生成認(rèn)識(shí)的理論效力。視知覺(jué)存在“非充分決定”問(wèn)題,即視網(wǎng)膜成像并不能決定知覺(jué)系統(tǒng)最終的知覺(jué)內(nèi)容。生成知覺(jué)觀認(rèn)為,知覺(jué)內(nèi)容本身并不總是詳盡和完整的,知覺(jué)者對(duì)那些“不在場(chǎng)”物的知覺(jué)體驗(yàn)的獲取依賴(lài)于——他們按照自身的感知運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式與環(huán)境打交道的方式。在解決知覺(jué)的直接與間接的爭(zhēng)論問(wèn)題上,生成知覺(jué)觀指出它們的問(wèn)題在于錯(cuò)誤地將知覺(jué)規(guī)定為內(nèi)部或外部的,相反,知覺(jué)既非內(nèi)部的,也非外部的,而是作為整體的系統(tǒng)與廣泛的外在情境的“關(guān)系域”。對(duì)顏色的討論中,生成進(jìn)路不同意主觀主義將顏色還原為純粹的神經(jīng)過(guò)程和心理體驗(yàn),也不贊同客觀主義將其歸結(jié)為客體的質(zhì)性。顏色遵循自身的邏輯,它是具身的和生成的,它存在于物理地帶與心理地帶、認(rèn)知與文化的交合之處。個(gè)體知覺(jué)是社會(huì)知覺(jué)的壓縮版本,我們要考察真實(shí)的認(rèn)知過(guò)程,必須要將其置于特定的社會(huì)的、歷史的、文化的語(yǔ)境之中。從生成的視角看,社會(huì)認(rèn)知本質(zhì)上是自治的社會(huì)個(gè)體為維持自身生命的生存與延續(xù),根植于社會(huì)交互的基礎(chǔ)上的成員共享的意義建構(gòu)活動(dòng)。同時(shí),自然選擇需要被重新理解,認(rèn)知進(jìn)化也不能等同于生物進(jìn)化,文化不是內(nèi)嵌于認(rèn)知的模塊,它不僅影響我們的認(rèn)知、神經(jīng)發(fā)展和行為,同時(shí)也被我們認(rèn)知所重塑,每一個(gè)人都是經(jīng)過(guò)文化適應(yīng)的主體。我們最終得以用統(tǒng)一的語(yǔ)言解讀知覺(jué),從個(gè)體認(rèn)知到社會(huì)性知覺(jué),從個(gè)體間的交互過(guò)程到代際間的文化適應(yīng)過(guò)程,生成的核心理念——生命和認(rèn)知的深刻連續(xù)性得以貫徹其中。
[Abstract]:Humans are cognitive problems for thousands of years, the problem of perception is occupy a special position, it has communicated "physical domain and psychological domain. Based on the above philosophy, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience and other disciplines, according to the limitations and difficulties of traditional cognitive theory, attempts to explore the formation of cognitive approach the concept of perception, so as to further reveal the nature of cognition. Cognition is the core of the traditional" mechanical metaphor ", that perception is a process of information processing and a neural process, which is a continuation of Cartesian dualism of the ontology, the methodology followed the form of western modern scientific theory, mechanical the traditional theory and research orientation of individualism in scientific practice eventually fell into the perception of the objective reality world reflects the perception of" non sufficiency decision ", direct perception and The debate perception problems. Traditional cognitive theory cannot solve the gap between the physical domain and psychological domain, but fall into a new representation and perceptual experience between "heart" and "heart" of the logical gap. Embodied cognition in opposition to "mechanical metaphor" taken on the road the first step is, however, it does not serve as a research paradigm in the strict sense. Generation of cognitive approach is the new direction and real solutions it not only gives the "heart", while providing a compatible cognitive psychology, neuroscience, biology and philosophy, the core concept of multidisciplinary platform and cohesion the field of cognitive science. The core generating route is the continuity of life and advocate the profound cognition, and advocated the study of cognition on this continuum. It is established in the autonomous body, emergence, meaning construction, and experience The core concepts, cognitive means, autonomous actors in order to produce and maintain their own, based on the positive significance of construction activity, their "meaning world" and produce the cognitive theory. The first is about the perception theory, generating route is not from the "input output" relationship, but starting from autonomous actors, explore the perception in the perception of motion in dynamic loop. Research on the problem of perception helps us to test the effectiveness of generating theory of knowledge. The visual perception has a "non full" problem, namely the retinal imaging does not determine the perception of the content of the final perception system. Generation of perception, perception of the content itself is not always detailed and complete, awareness of those "get absent" the perceptual experience depends on their own according to the perceived motion way and environment to play The way of Tao. In solving the direct and indirect issue of perception, perception that their generation problem is wrongly perceived provisions instead of internal or external, internal perception, neither, nor external, but as a whole system with a wide range of external contexts "relationship of domains". The color of the discussion, generating route does not agree with the color reduction of neural processes of subjectivism and psychological experience of pure, does not agree with the objectivism attributed it to the qualitative object. The color follows its own logic, it is embodied and generated, it exists in the area of physical and psychological areas, cognitive and cultural exchange point. Individual perception is a compressed version of the social consciousness, we must study the cognitive process of real, must be placed in the specific social, historical and cultural context. From the perspective of social cognitive generation, the Quality is the autonomous social individual to survive and continue their life, rooted in the social interaction of the members based on a shared meaning construction. At the same time, natural selection need to be re understanding, cognitive evolution cannot be equated with biological evolution, culture is not embedded in the cognitive module, which not only affects our perception neural development and behavior, but also by our cognitive remodeling, every one is by the subject of acculturation. We're finally able to use a unified interpretation of language perception, from individual cognition to social perception, from the interaction between individuals to intergenerational cultural adaptation process, profound continuity of core concept formation: life and cognition can be carried out.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B842.2

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