本文關(guān)鍵詞： 負(fù)相容效應(yīng) 掩蔽 單側(cè)化準(zhǔn)備電位 評價(jià)窗理論　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：掩蔽啟動(dòng)范式是研究閾下刺激對行為影響的一種重要方法。通常,與不相容條件相比,相容條件下的啟動(dòng)刺激可以促進(jìn)個(gè)體對目標(biāo)刺激加工。自Eimer和Schlaghecken首先發(fā)現(xiàn)反直覺的負(fù)相容效應(yīng),研究者們已經(jīng)反復(fù)在掩蔽啟動(dòng)范式下證明了負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的存在。負(fù)相容效應(yīng)是指不相容條件比相容條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)更短、錯(cuò)誤率更低的現(xiàn)象。研究者們已經(jīng)用行為實(shí)驗(yàn)、事件相關(guān)電位、功能性核磁共振技術(shù)、經(jīng)顱刺激技術(shù)等來研究負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制和發(fā)生階段問題。目前,針對負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制問題,集中了四種主流理論解釋,自我抑制理論、目標(biāo)更新理論、掩蔽抑制理論,以及評價(jià)窗理論。Eimer和Schlaghecken提出的自我抑制理論負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生是一個(gè)低水平、自動(dòng)化的抑制過程,只有啟動(dòng)刺激在保證低可視性的同時(shí),感覺表征達(dá)到一定強(qiáng)度才能激發(fā)抑制。Lleras和Enns提出的目標(biāo)更新理論認(rèn)為負(fù)相容效應(yīng)源于啟動(dòng)刺激和掩蔽在知覺水平的交互。Jaskowski等人提出的掩蔽抑制理論同樣認(rèn)為負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生基于抑制機(jī)制,然而這種抑制是由啟動(dòng)刺激之后呈現(xiàn)的掩蔽刺激誘發(fā)的。Klauer和Dittrich提出的評價(jià)窗理論認(rèn)為評價(jià)窗口在啟動(dòng)刺激呈現(xiàn)之后打開是產(chǎn)生負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的必要條件。評價(jià)窗理論和前三種傳統(tǒng)理論的不同在于負(fù)相容效應(yīng)發(fā)生的階段和掩蔽刺激對負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的影響,即負(fù)相容效應(yīng)發(fā)生在中樞階段還是反應(yīng)階段、不呈現(xiàn)掩蔽的條件下究竟能否產(chǎn)生負(fù)相容效應(yīng)。本研究旨在探討：(1)負(fù)相容效應(yīng)是否可以產(chǎn)生于無掩蔽的啟動(dòng)范式,并且這種效應(yīng)基于中樞階段；(2)評價(jià)窗理論所強(qiáng)調(diào)的隨機(jī)和區(qū)組兩種不同經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景對負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的影響。 為減弱刺激與反應(yīng)鍵之間的聯(lián)結(jié),本研究采用漢字詞語作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料。共包括兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)一有32名大學(xué)生被試,12對取自漢語情感詞語系統(tǒng)的詞語對實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,被試則根據(jù)目標(biāo)詞語的正性或負(fù)性效價(jià)作出按鍵判斷。本實(shí)驗(yàn)以ISI、一致性和刺激呈現(xiàn)方式為自變量,以被試對目標(biāo)的反應(yīng)時(shí)和錯(cuò)誤率為因變量,考察負(fù)相容效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生于何種條件以及產(chǎn)生負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵ISI。實(shí)驗(yàn)二基于實(shí)驗(yàn)一,共有15名大學(xué)生被試,采用與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同的材料和被試任務(wù)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)僅以一致性和刺激呈現(xiàn)方式為自變量,以被試對目標(biāo)的反應(yīng)時(shí)和錯(cuò)誤率為因變量,通過EEG技術(shù)和LRP指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步考察評價(jià)窗理論對于負(fù)相容效應(yīng)大小預(yù)測的正確性。 實(shí)驗(yàn)得出以下結(jié)果：實(shí)驗(yàn)一中,組塊條件下ISI較短時(shí)相容條件的反應(yīng)時(shí)更短,隨著ISI延長相容條件表現(xiàn)出的該種優(yōu)勢逐漸減小并開始呈現(xiàn)出不相容條件反應(yīng)時(shí)更短的趨勢,當(dāng)ISI達(dá)到470ms時(shí)不相容條件表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)勢達(dá)到顯著：隨機(jī)條件下整個(gè)ISI時(shí)間點(diǎn)上相容條件都表現(xiàn)出反應(yīng)時(shí)更短的優(yōu)勢,而不相容條件始終沒有顯現(xiàn)該種優(yōu)勢。實(shí)驗(yàn)二中,在行為結(jié)果上與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相類似,只在組塊條件下得到了負(fù)相容效應(yīng),而隨機(jī)條件下相容條件的反應(yīng)時(shí)仍然占據(jù)優(yōu)勢。同樣,平均LRP的結(jié)果顯示不相容條件下呈現(xiàn)微弱正波,相容條件下呈現(xiàn)微弱負(fù)波,并且該種電位差異在啟動(dòng)刺激呈現(xiàn)之后、目標(biāo)刺激呈現(xiàn)之前就已經(jīng)存在,且僅存在于組塊條件下。 結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)一和實(shí)驗(yàn)二的結(jié)果以及相關(guān)的討論,本實(shí)驗(yàn)的主要結(jié)論如下： 實(shí)驗(yàn)一：掩蔽刺激并非產(chǎn)生負(fù)相容效應(yīng)必不可少的條件,沒有掩蔽刺激的啟動(dòng)范式同樣可以得到負(fù)相容效應(yīng)。啟動(dòng)刺激與目標(biāo)刺激之間的間隔時(shí)間與負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生有非常重要的關(guān)系,ISI較短時(shí)表現(xiàn)出正相容效應(yīng),ISI較長時(shí)表現(xiàn)出負(fù)相容效應(yīng)。連續(xù)不斷的刺激流形成的經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景與負(fù)相容效應(yīng)大小也有密切聯(lián)系,負(fù)相容效應(yīng)只在區(qū)組條件下產(chǎn)生,而在隨機(jī)條件下只出現(xiàn)正相容效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)二：不相容條件表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)勢在目標(biāo)出現(xiàn)前就已經(jīng)存在,評價(jià)窗理論關(guān)于相容效應(yīng)大小的預(yù)測函數(shù)還有待檢驗(yàn)和修正。 以上研究結(jié)果表明負(fù)相容效應(yīng)可以在無掩蔽條件下產(chǎn)生,并且該種可以基于中樞階段。隨機(jī)和區(qū)組兩種經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景對負(fù)相容效應(yīng)的影響不同,區(qū)組背景下更容易得到負(fù)相容效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:In this paper , we find out that the negative compatibility effect is based on the inhibition mechanism , and the negative compatibility effect is the only necessary condition for the negative compatibility effect . In order to reduce the coupling between stimulus and reaction bonds , the study used Chinese characters as experimental materials . Two experiments were carried out : Thirty - two college students were tested and the key ISI of negative compatibility effect was determined according to the positive or negative potency of the target words . The results are as follows : In the experiment 1 , the ISI is shorter than that of the short - term compatibility condition . As the ISI is longer , the advantages of the non - compatible condition are obvious : the compatibility condition of the whole ISI in the random condition has the advantage of shorter reaction time , while the incompatible condition still does not show the advantage . The results show that the weak positive wave is presented under the condition of random condition and the compatible condition still occupies the advantage . The main conclusions of this experiment are as follows : Experiment 1 : The masking stimulus is not necessary to produce the negative compatibility effect . There is a very important relationship between the interval time between the stimulus and the target stimulus and the negative compatibility effect . The experience background of continuous stimulation flow has a positive compatibility effect . The negative compatibility effect is only generated under the condition of the zone group , but only the positive compatibility effect appears in the random condition . Experiment 2 : The advantages of the incompatibility condition already exist before the target appears , and the evaluation window theory is still to be tested and corrected with respect to the prediction function of the size of the compatible effect . The results show that the negative compatibility effect can be generated under the condition of no masking , and it can be based on the central stage . The effects of two empirical backgrounds on the negative compatibility effect are different , and the negative compatibility effect is more easily obtained in the background of the region group .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：B848.4

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 王一牛;周立明;羅躍嘉;;漢語情感詞系統(tǒng)的初步編制及評定[J];中國心理衛(wèi)生雜志;2008年08期

，

本文編號：1519206