本文關(guān)鍵詞：20世紀中國文學中的貞節(jié)觀，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        本論文主要探討中國20世紀百年文學創(chuàng)作中,貞節(jié)觀念如何與政治合謀走了一條迂回曲折的衍變之路。貞節(jié)觀念的含義并不是固定不變的,歷史上不同的時期與不同的社會群體給予“貞節(jié)”的解釋是不同的。筆者從古代至20世紀文學的閱讀經(jīng)驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),貞節(jié)觀念從古至今的衍變說明了它身上承載了很多文化、政治、社會心理等復雜內(nèi)容,貞節(jié)觀念已經(jīng)不僅代表貞節(jié)本身,而且是影響與制約社會上男女兩性和諧相處的重要因素。特別是自從20世紀初中國打開國門與世界潮流接軌開始,文學中的貞節(jié)觀隨著中國社會的不斷變革也有了曲折輾轉(zhuǎn)的衍變歷程,貞節(jié)觀念的這種衍變在不同的社會階層、不同的社會時期、不同的社會風氣中呈現(xiàn)出復雜各異的面貌。論文在第一章中主要是回顧東西方貞節(jié)觀念的歷史衍變過程,從歷史上來梳理貞節(jié)觀的來龍去脈。中國、日本、印度、伊斯蘭教國家等東方國家歷史上具有一個共同的特點便是對貞節(jié)觀念的高度重視,并由此形成了相應的婚姻制度及各種與貞節(jié)有關(guān)的習俗,有的甚至綿延至今。西方國家大多受基督教等宗教影響,歷史上也曾經(jīng)有嚴酷的貞節(jié)制度,但隨著西方啟蒙運動、思想解放及性解放運動帶來的影響,貞節(jié)的繩索逐漸松綁,西方人突破了貞節(jié)觀對人情欲的束縛,獲得了嶄新的男女兩性關(guān)系。當20世紀初西風東漸,慢慢地貞節(jié)不再成為一個全球性太過沉重的話題,東方社會也逐漸摒棄了嚴酷的貞節(jié)制度,愛情觀、婚姻觀、家庭觀、性關(guān)系都獲得了新的發(fā)展。第二章主要論述了20世紀初期至五四時期貞節(jié)觀念上歷史的覺醒,人們打破性禁忌的堅冰,從理論批判到文學形象的塑造,通過一系列的行動來揭示傳統(tǒng)貞節(jié)觀的劣根,宣傳西方新的性解放思想,一潭死水開始初泛微瀾。在這其中,最突出的是清末狹邪小說等世情小說與鴛鴦蝴蝶派小說中所體現(xiàn)出的這種世紀初貞節(jié)觀念的變化。狹邪小說中以妓院為中心描摹世態(tài),一定程度上表現(xiàn)出與封建道德傳統(tǒng)相左的思想傾向。鴛鴦蝴蝶派小說很多已把男女的婚姻自由提到議事日程上來,大量表現(xiàn)年輕人掙脫封建傳統(tǒng)禮教桎梏的艱難,展示了當時小市民的婚戀觀、貞操觀,他們既不滿于父母專制的包辦婚姻,又希望獲得父母恩準他們的自主婚姻,既渴望婚姻自由不容人干涉,又不能像后來五四新文化運動后的青年人那樣理直氣壯地宣告自己的婚姻自己做主,鴛鴦蝴蝶派小說是新舊交替時代青年的情感真實寫照。第三章主要論述的是現(xiàn)代文學30年中除了革命文學、左翼文學與延安文學之外的文學創(chuàng)作中貞節(jié)觀念狀況。如果說激情飛揚的五四時期令千百年來由根深蒂固的傳統(tǒng)貞節(jié)觀念一統(tǒng)天下的中國社會死水微瀾的話,那么這30年表現(xiàn)出來的便是勇敢的反抗與猶疑徘徊雙重奏的30年,現(xiàn)代文學中的貞節(jié)觀念表現(xiàn)出的極為復雜的情態(tài)是其他時期所不能比擬的,而且總體來說,男女作家們在表現(xiàn)這一主題時遵循了非常不同的創(chuàng)作思路。面對傳統(tǒng)中國典型的貞節(jié)觀念造成女性的千年苦難,角度的不同認識的不同使男女作家在對題材的把握上也存在差異。男性作家往往從客觀的角度深刻地揭示這種苦難的社會根源,而女性作家往往會以感性的筆調(diào),從自身的體驗出發(fā)抒寫這種苦難的哀痛。另一方面,男性作家筆下那些被傳統(tǒng)貞節(jié)觀束縛的女性大多數(shù)是弱者形象,是無法自救逆來順受的可悲可憐的社會犧牲品,而在女性作家筆下,這些受害者往往表現(xiàn)出頑強的個性,驚人的生命力,她們的抗爭閃耀著追求人性的精神光輝。從作家本身的貞節(jié)觀念來看,現(xiàn)代文學中男性與女性作家也表現(xiàn)出極大的差異性,男性作家受社會整體上男性中心主義習慣思維的影響,他們一面表現(xiàn)著傳統(tǒng)貞節(jié)觀壓迫下女性的悲苦,另一方面一部分人卻不自覺地在贊美維護這種貞節(jié)的觀念,所以有時候他們的貞節(jié)觀徘徊在傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代之間,表現(xiàn)出猶疑與矛盾的態(tài)度。而相對來說,女性作家對傳統(tǒng)貞節(jié)觀的反抗性更為強烈,態(tài)度更為堅定。第四章主要梳理了貞節(jié)觀從革命文學開始經(jīng)過左翼文學、延安文學發(fā)展到新中國社會主義文學這一長長的歷史進程中所發(fā)生的新的畸變現(xiàn)象,這種畸變直到文革時期達到登峰造極的地步,那便是無愛無情亦無性的文革文學。無產(chǎn)階級革命時期,文學寫什么不寫什么不斷受到規(guī)范,開始追求女性的忠貞純潔,愛情是有小資情調(diào)的不能提,性是有傷風化的東西不能表現(xiàn),那些追求性解放的女人便是落后的反動的,當無產(chǎn)階級走上歷史舞臺并取得了政權(quán)之后,性的正面描述就基本消失了,這部分地是緣于男權(quán)主義與極左政治相結(jié)合給文學中貞節(jié)觀帶來的深刻影響。20世紀的文學從最初贊美勇敢猛烈追求戀愛自由和婚姻自由的現(xiàn)代女性,到此時竟然出現(xiàn)了極端的無愛無情亦無性的文學創(chuàng)作規(guī)則,這種變化的答案就隱藏在20世紀中國走的現(xiàn)實道路中。革命,抗戰(zhàn),救亡,就存這為拯救國家危機進行不斷探索的道路上,文學逐漸地失去了獨立存在的空間,變成了革命工作的一部分,即變成了革命的宣傳工作,因而不可避免地,中國20世紀文學進入了很長時間的與政治糾結(jié)在一起受規(guī)整的發(fā)展時期,它嚴重地受到政治的制約,深刻地反映著政治對它的嚴格要求,20世紀文學由此走上了深具中國特色的貞節(jié)觀念與政治合謀的曲折衍變之路。第五章論述的是新時期文學如何對貞節(jié)觀進行再度的反省。在古代傳統(tǒng)與革命傳統(tǒng)雙重影響下的新時期文學又接受了一場西方思想的啟蒙,極端保守的貞節(jié)觀念得到了松綁,但松綁并不意味著一下子就徹底獲得解放,這個過程中有不斷的迂回曲折。主流意識形態(tài)弘揚主旋律,求穩(wěn)定不求激進,所以對于些在貞節(jié)觀念上表現(xiàn)新銳的作品往往會采取規(guī)訓的方式以期減少思想影響。但社會畢竟是從極端的一元慢慢趨向多元發(fā)展,不同的音調(diào)開始獲得發(fā)聲的機會,盡管這樣的一些突圍不斷的受到來自主流的批判與規(guī)訓,但并沒有阻擋作家們從小心翼翼到義無反顧的突圍,直到走向另一個極端：性泛濫,特別是1990年代后被認為是一個欲望敘事的時代,這是新時期文學中貞節(jié)觀發(fā)展的另一種走向�？傮w來看,在20世紀初在國門開放、人心思變的五四前后以及革命文學、左翼文學時期,知識界流行的是譴責封建貞節(jié)觀殘害中國女性的罪惡史的文學表達,新知識分子憎惡封建貞節(jié)觀,他們與當時流行于西方的性解放思潮相呼應,擁有較為開放的性觀念。但畢竟古老的因襲沉重而頑固,在社會的下層以及保留著古老傳統(tǒng)的封建大家族里,這股清新的風氣吹來后僅現(xiàn)若有若無的漣漪,前者表現(xiàn)在大量描寫農(nóng)村貞婦慘劇的新文學作品中,后者體現(xiàn)在凌叔華等作家描寫“高門望族精魂”的一系列作品中。另一方面,從左翼文學開始便已經(jīng)埋下了“禁欲”的種子,到了延安文學、建國初社會主義文學時期我們會看到“解放”的婚姻觀念與“保守”的性觀念并存,“禁欲”因為有嚴酷的戰(zhàn)爭而獲得了“正當”的理由。我們能看到對婚姻自主、反對封建包辦婚姻的宣傳作品,但已經(jīng)很少看到對愛情的敘說,更少看到對情欲的描寫,人們把這些個人的情愫都拋在一邊,所有的力量都匯聚到了統(tǒng)一思想有利于取得革命勝利的政治洪流中。這時連有“小資產(chǎn)階級情調(diào)”的主人公都極少出現(xiàn),主人公變成了英雄的工農(nóng)兵,而這些沒有接受過五四個性解放思想啟蒙的工農(nóng)兵主體所尊崇的貞節(jié)觀念仍然是傳統(tǒng)的。這種狀況在新時期文學中得到了反撥,甚至又發(fā)展到了另一個性泛濫的極端。但實際上對這種所謂“性泛濫”我們也勿需用“全民道德淪喪”的驚呼來簡單粗暴地進行否定。因為在社會轉(zhuǎn)型期,泥沙俱下,不同的社會群體有不同的價值追求,在一種紛繁的現(xiàn)象背后,我們能覺察到那種生機與死寂并存的尷尬。本論文的創(chuàng)新之處在于：一是從貞節(jié)觀的角度切入研究20世紀中國文學,打通了20世紀文學中近代文學、現(xiàn)代文學、當代文學的研究脈絡。20世紀中國文學呈現(xiàn)出貞節(jié)觀深深地與政治相糾結(jié)的發(fā)展軌跡,對這種獨特的發(fā)展軌跡做整體研究是本文傾力進行的重點所在。二是迄今未見從社會性別理論的視角完成的對貞節(jié)觀念在20世紀文學中的衍變進行系統(tǒng)研究的成果,因此本論文在理論視角和研究對象方面有突破。三是本論文采用跨學科的研究范式,綜合歷史學、心理學、社會學等大的人文社科方面的最新研究成果來進行文學研究,在研究方法方面具有一定突破。

    This paper focuses on how the chastity concept and the political evolution conspired to go a roundabout way in the20th century of Chinese literature. Chastity concept does not remain the same, whereas the explanations for "chastity concept" in different period and by different social group are different. The author finds that from ancient time to the20th century the ideas of chastity described carrying a lot of cultural, political, social, psychological, and other complex contents. And chastity has not represented itself, but also an important factor affecting and restricting gender harmony, especially since China began to open its doors in the early20th century with world practice, the chastity concept of Chinese literature changes with Chinese social evolution. This evolution of the chastity concept took on complex faces at different times and in different social strata.The first chapter is a literature review of the evolution of concept of chastity in the East and West. One common characteristic in China, Japan, India, Islamic countries and other oriental countries is the emphasis on the concept of chastity, and thus forms corresponding marital system and customs associated with chastity, some of which even stretches so far. Under the influence of Christian religion, cruel chastity system once appeared in Western countries, however, with influences brought about by the Enlightenment, emancipation and sexual liberation movements, chastity untie the ropes gradually, people break the shackles of chastity in favor, and get a new gender relations between men and women. When the westerly East came out in the early20th century, chastity is no longer a heavy global topic, Oriental society has gradually abandoned the harsh chastity system, love, marriage, family and sex relationships has got new development.Chapter two mainly discusses the awakening of the concept of chastity from the early20th century to the May Fourth period; people broke the taboos of sex, and reveals traditional chastity in the inferior root, propaganda of Western New emancipation from theoretical criticism to the creation of literary images, of which the prominent one is the evil love novels in the late Qing and the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School. The evil love novels often tell stories about prostitutes, partly showing ideological trends conflicting with traditional feudal morality. The Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School novels often tell about men’s and women’s marriage freedom, large numbers of young people break traditional feudal etiquette shackles. They were discontent with marriage arranged by parents, and hope to get marriage freedom approved by parents, and desire for free marriage without interference, but cannot be the owners of their marriage like young people in May4th Movement. So this sort of novel is real depiction of young people’s emotion in the exchange of old and new time.Chapter three mainly deals with chastity concept in30-year modern literature except the revolution literature, the left-wing literature and Yan’an literature. In modern literature, the concept of chastity took different characteristics from the period of May4th Movement and the period after the founding of new China. Provided the traditional chastity concept rule of China had some changes in the period of the May4th Movement, in this30years Chinese literature the chastity concept is both brave rebellion and suspected wandering. The chastity concept of modern literature in performance is more complex than other periods, and usually men and women writers follow different thoughts of chastity concept. To face the Millennium sufferings caused by typical concept of chastity of traditional Chinese women, different men and women had different perceptions. Male writers often wrote from an objective point and revealed the social causes of this suffering, whereas women writers tended to a perceptual style, proceeding from their own experiences and maintain sorrows of this suffering. On the other hand, most of the women bound by traditional chastity were weak images, were only sad pathetic victim of society in male writers’novels. But women writers tended to endow these women with strong personality, amazing vitality, and their struggle shinning with sparkles of the pursuit of human spirit. From the perspective of writers, male and female writers are also different, male writers were affected by male center doctrine, on the one hand, they reflected the oppression women suffered, on the other hand, they praised and defended this chastity of concept unconsciously, so sometimes their views wandered between traditional and modern concepts, and exposed an attitude of suspicion and contradictions. However, women writers held a more firm attitude towards it.Chapter four mainly surveys the chastity concept from revolutionary literature, Yan’an literature development to the new China’s socialist left-wing literature, until to the pinnacle of this aberration of cultural revolution, that is, no love ruthlessly clone the cultural revolution literature. In proletariat revolution period, the contents of literature were restricted, and began to pursue fidelity pure, love should not be petty ambience, sex is a corruption morality which cannot be described, those who pursued sexual liberation is backward and reactionary. When proletariat went on historical stage and made regime, positive description of sex almost disappeared, which the deep affection was brought by male chauvinism and left wing politics. Literature of the20th century change from initially praising women pursuing freedom and love and marriage to extreme" no love no sex" literary principle, which lies in the road taken by China in20th century. Literature gradually lost its independence and became a part of revolution on the way of revolution, war and salvation to explore access to save our nation. Thus inevitably Chinese literature in20th century entered a period of combining with politics. It was limited by politics and revealed the severe discipline imposed on it, so Chinese literature in20th century entered a winding road with Chinese characteristics of chastity concept and conspiring with politics.Chapter five mainly tells how the literature in the new era reconsiders on the concept of chastity once again. Influenced by ancient tradition and revolutionary tradition, literature in the new period was enlightened by western ideas, and conservative concept of chastity has been loosened, but restrictions does not mean it was liberated completely, but it had constant twists in this process. Mainstream ideology carries forward the main theme, seeking stable and progressive, so for some of the performance of new works on the concept of chastity will often take the form of discipline to reduce its impact. But social after all is from extreme of a Yuan slowly trend multiple development, different of tone began get vocal of opportunities, despite so of some breakthrough constantly of was from mainstream of criticism and rules training, but and no barrier writers were from carefully to back of breakthrough, until to another extreme:sexual flood, especially the period past1990is considered as a desire narrative of times, this is another trend of chastity literature in the a new era.Overall, the doors open and people are longing for change in early20th century left-wing literature and revolutionary literature, before and after the May Fourth period, intellectual fashion is condemnation of feudal history of chastity in crimes against Chinese women’s literature expression, new intellectual abomination feudal concept of chastity, they are echoing with the liberation of thought prevailing in the West, with more liberal sexual attitudes. But after all the old hereditary heavy and stubborn, social infrastructure, as well as preserved ancient traditions of feudal clans in the atmosphere of this fresh blow came only after vague ripples, the former description of performance in a large number of rural Lucretia tragedies in new literary works, which are reflected in Ling Shuhua’s writers, such as describing "Sublime Porte Family " in a series of works. The other hand, starting from the left-wing literature has been laid "abstinence" seeds, the Yan’an literature and the beginning of the founding of the Socialist literature period we will see the "liberation" of marriage of the concept of "conservative" attitude, enthusiastic,"abstinence" as a result of the war because the harsh "legitimate" reasons. We can see on the advocacy work of independent, feudal marriage, but is rarely seen on the speaking of love, much less see description of lust, people throw these personal feelings aside, and all forces are gathered political torrent to unify their thinking in favor of the victory of the revolution. When connected to a "petty-bourgeois style" heroes are rare, the hero becomes a hero of workers, and these have been of May Fourth enlightenment emancipation of workers of the exalted idea of chastity is still traditional. Get-back in this state of affairs in the new period literature, even rampant development to another extreme. But in fact, this so-called "sexual promiscuity" we don’t need "universal moral turpitude" roughly and scream to simple negation. Because in the period of social transformation, different social groups with different values, behind a complex phenomenon, we can see the embarrassment of that kind of life and dead coexist.The innovation of the thesis lies in:Firstly, the author makes her research from the angle of chastity in study of Chinese literature in the20th century, through modern literature in20th century literature, modern literature, and contemporary literature in the research context. The chastity in Chinese literature in20th century deeply presents that is entangled with political development, on the overall development of this unique study is to focus efforts in this article. Secondly, there is still no results from social gender theory perspective on chastity concept in20th century literature, so this paper makes a breakthrough in theory perspective and research object area; thirdly, integrated history, psychology and sociology, the author takes interdisciplinary paradigm in this paper by the latest research results of Humanities Social Science in literature research, making a breakthrough in research method.

20世紀中國文學中的貞節(jié)觀

中文摘要10-14ABSTRACT14-18前言19-34    一、選題的緣起19-20    二、與貞節(jié)觀相關(guān)的問題20-25    三、前人關(guān)于貞節(jié)觀的不同論述25-32    四、研究思路32-34第一章 野蠻與文明：回眸東西方貞節(jié)觀的歷史衍變34-90    第一節(jié) 東西方國家貞節(jié)觀的衍變34-77        一、古代中國及日本、印度、伊斯蘭教國家等東方國家貞節(jié)觀衍變狀況35-65        二、西方國家的貞節(jié)觀衍變狀況65-77    第二節(jié) 東西方貞節(jié)觀念的比較77-90        一、東西方貞節(jié)觀的共同點77-82        二、東西方貞節(jié)觀的差異82-90第二章 桎梏與吶喊：中國人在貞節(jié)觀念上的覺醒90-111    第一節(jié) 20世紀初中國社會貞節(jié)觀狀況91-102        一、新文化運動中對貞節(jié)觀的理論批判92-97        二、打破性禁忌的堅冰97-102    第二節(jié) 清末民初文學中的貞節(jié)觀衍變102-111        一、狹邪小說等清末世情小說中的貞節(jié)觀104-106        二、鴛鴦蝴蝶派文學中的貞節(jié)觀106-108        三、清末譴責小說中的貞節(jié)觀108-111第三章 反抗與徘徊：貞節(jié)觀衍變的現(xiàn)代標本111-151    第一節(jié) 他們的目光——現(xiàn)代男性作家筆下的貞節(jié)觀112-129        一、為舊禮教犧牲品嘆惋：魯迅、葉紹鈞、楊振聲、柔石等作家的創(chuàng)作112-115        二、新女性的命運挽歌：魯迅、王統(tǒng)照、曹禺、巴金等作家的創(chuàng)作115-118        三、另類理想新女性：胡適、茅盾、楊振聲等作家的創(chuàng)作118-122        四、湘西世界別樣的人生故事：沈從文的創(chuàng)作122-125        五、直面欲望：郁達夫、張資平及新感覺派的創(chuàng)作125-129    第二節(jié) 她們的體驗：現(xiàn)代女性作家的貞節(jié)觀129-151        一、在母愛與情愛的天平上：陳衡哲、冰心、馮沅君、蘇雪林的創(chuàng)作129-134        二、“五四”女兒的艱難出走：廬隱、白薇、丁玲等的創(chuàng)作134-140        三、描述那些“高門巨族的精魂”：凌叔華的創(chuàng)作140-141        四、亂世男女的凡俗人生：張愛玲、蘇青、梅娘的創(chuàng)作141-148        五、悲憫的女性情懷：蕭紅的創(chuàng)作148-151第四章 紅色迷霧與黑色魔影：貞節(jié)觀新的畸變151-229    第一節(jié) 埋下畸變的種子：左翼文學中的禁欲傾向152-163        一、革命加戀愛與青春一起飛揚154-158        二、那些被革命理性壓抑了的愛情158-163    第二節(jié) 傳統(tǒng)觀念與革命戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)合：延安文學中的貞節(jié)觀163-181        一、延安文學中丁玲的創(chuàng)作165-172        二、延安文學的雙葩：趙樹理與孫犁172-179        三、延安其他作家和作品179-181    第三節(jié) 規(guī)訓中的畸變：“十七年”文學中的貞節(jié)觀181-209        一、在“以階級斗爭為綱”的背景下183-184        二、爭取婚姻自主的社會主義新風尚184-188        三、社會主義的愛情新篇章188-196        四、社會主義文學中貞節(jié)觀的畸形變異196-209    第四節(jié) 登峰造極：無愛無情亦無性的文革文學209-229        一、“愛的文學”遭遇滅頂之災210-215        二、充滿“無性人”形象的革命樣板戲215-221        三、閃耀著人性之光的地下文學潛流221-229第五章 靈與肉：新時期文學對貞節(jié)觀的再度反省229-327    第一節(jié) 迂回的挑戰(zhàn)與持續(xù)的規(guī)訓231-246        一、對封建道德與革命傳統(tǒng)的反思232-238        二、面對規(guī)訓的迂回突圍238-246    第二節(jié) 反思婚姻與愛情246-271        一、尋找愛情的位置247-254        二、追問婚姻、愛情、家庭與道德254-271    第三節(jié) 書寫人欲：從蘇醒到狂歡271-308        一、人欲的蘇醒273-281        二、“性禁忌”的魔盒開啟之后281-297        三、“私人化寫作”與“身體寫作”297-308    第四節(jié) 政治與性的另類敘事308-327        一、行走在“性禁地”的邊緣309-316        二、對政治與性的再敘述316-327結(jié)束語327-331參考文獻331-339致謝339-341攻讀學位期間發(fā)表的學術(shù)論文341-342學位論文評閱及答辯情況表342

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：20世紀中國文學中的貞節(jié)觀，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。