【摘要】：拜占庭帝國是羅馬帝國的延續(xù)，它不僅在地域上保持著羅馬帝國時期的東部領(lǐng)土，而且進一步發(fā)展了羅馬帝國的法律制度，建立了完善的行政管理制度。君士坦丁堡作為拜占庭帝國的首都，其不僅是國家的政治中心，而且是重要的經(jīng)濟中心。本文擬對君士坦丁堡城市管理進行研究，分析君士坦丁堡城市管理的規(guī)范與制度，探討在傳統(tǒng)社會國家權(quán)力對城市這一公共空間管理的干預程度，及其對城市發(fā)展的影響。全文共由四部分構(gòu)成，即君士坦丁堡的城市建設、官辦工廠的管理、私人工商業(yè)的管理和城市公共服務管理四個方面的內(nèi)容。 第一章主要論述了君士坦丁堡的布局和公共基礎設施建設。羅馬帝國后期，為加強對帝國東部的管理，緩解蠻族對帝國的威脅，君士坦丁大帝決定在巴爾干半島東部的拜占庭建立新的都城，此即為君士坦丁堡。新都的建設完全仿造羅馬城的城市布局，并興建了城市公共基礎設施，如供水系統(tǒng)、浴場、廣場及港口等等。從整體上看，君士坦丁堡的基礎建設主要集中在6世紀之前。6世紀后，在外族入侵和自然災害的雙重打擊下，拜占庭帝國勢力逐漸衰微，君士坦丁堡的公共基礎建設幾近停滯與荒廢。8至10世紀，，帝國在軍事、財政等方面進行了改革，國力得以恢復和發(fā)展。在此情況下，君士坦丁堡的公共基礎設施才逐漸得到整修。然而，隨著十字軍東征的到來，拜占庭帝國的衰落的命運最終無法逆轉(zhuǎn)，直至1453年君士坦丁堡陷落之前，其基礎設施再也無法修復。君士坦丁堡基礎設施建設與整修的過程在一定程度上反映了拜占庭帝國勢力的消長。實質(zhì)上，市政機構(gòu)與帝國政府共同參與了君士坦丁堡的公共基礎設施建設。 第二章則具體闡述了拜占庭帝國政府對君士坦丁堡官辦工廠的管理。三世紀危機以后，羅馬帝國的社會經(jīng)濟趨于崩潰，工商業(yè)急劇衰落，手工業(yè)者大量失業(yè)，民生凋敝。為了恢復工商業(yè)生產(chǎn)秩序，戴克里先（Diocletianus，284-305）當政之后，就開始實行城市經(jīng)濟的二元政策。即一方面加強對私人工商業(yè)的管理，另一方面在某些領(lǐng)域內(nèi)采取國家壟斷措施。國家壟斷的實質(zhì)是指對于關(guān)系國家命脈的工商業(yè)，禁止私人經(jīng)營，由帝國政府直接壟斷經(jīng)營，即官辦工廠。395年羅馬帝國分裂之后，東羅馬帝國繼續(xù)實行戴克里先的經(jīng)濟政策。 拜占庭帝國官辦工廠主要包括錢幣制造工廠、軍械制造工廠以及絲綢生產(chǎn)工廠，這些工廠關(guān)系到國家財政收入、國家安全以及皇室貴族的奢侈品需求。隨著帝國疆域的縮小，帝國內(nèi)的官辦工廠主要集中于君士坦丁堡，這使得帝國政府能夠更為便捷、有效地管理帝國的官辦工廠。 官辦工廠的原料由國家出面購買，其生產(chǎn)者由國家統(tǒng)一招募管理，其生產(chǎn)過程由國家委派專門的官員進行監(jiān)管，其產(chǎn)品全部流向軍隊與官僚貴族集團以滿足帝國的軍事與政治需要，從未流向民間社會。從其生產(chǎn)過程來看，這些官辦工廠是封閉的政治性生產(chǎn)機構(gòu)，不是真正意義上的社會生產(chǎn)組織，而是帝國統(tǒng)治體系的組成部分。因此，這就決定了其形成、發(fā)展與演變是與帝國的國勢緊密相連的，從其演變進程則能夠窺見帝國的強弱嬗變。帝國興盛之時，官辦工廠也能夠得到很好地發(fā)展，而且國家對它們的控制與管理也非常嚴格，完全排斥私人開辦生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品的作坊。帝國處于動亂或危機時期，官辦工廠也相應地會出現(xiàn)衰退的境況，私人作坊就有了生存與成長的空間，這在一定程度上能夠促進社會生產(chǎn)的進步。然而，處于動蕩與危機之下的私人作坊又很難具備持續(xù)發(fā)展的條件，這就是在帝國政府與其控制的官辦工廠夾縫之中，私人作坊生存與發(fā)展面臨的兩難境地。整體而言，官辦工廠是帝國中央集權(quán)的一種體現(xiàn)，國家對官辦工廠的壟斷經(jīng)營，在一定程度上保證了帝國的財政穩(wěn)定與軍械供應，但這種模式不利于推動社會生產(chǎn)的進步，很大程度上遏制了民間社會的生機與活力。因此，拜占庭帝國官辦工廠這種看起來剛性的生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)實質(zhì)上很脆弱，因為其存在的基礎是源于帝國的全面掌控，缺乏內(nèi)在的生命力，即無法實現(xiàn)持續(xù)再生產(chǎn)的機制。不僅如此，官辦工廠的長期而剛性的存在也扼殺了民間生產(chǎn)的活力，這也是拜占庭帝國與西歐在中世紀晚期的發(fā)展中出現(xiàn)巨大分野的根源之一。 第三章主要論述了君士坦丁堡對私人工商業(yè)的管理。君士坦丁堡的私人工商業(yè)包括本地工商業(yè)和對外貿(mào)易。專制集權(quán)下，拜占庭帝國政府對君士坦丁堡私人工商業(yè)進行管理的初衷只是為了滿足皇室、官僚貴族的需要，以及保證君士坦丁堡居民的生活物資供應，而不是為了更好地發(fā)展君士坦丁堡的私人工商業(yè)。因此，一方面帝國政府對私人工商業(yè)進行強制性管理，另一方面，隨著私人工商業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，帝國政府為了獲得更多財政收入也主動調(diào)整其管理政策和手段，讓私人工商業(yè)創(chuàng)造更多財富。整體而言，拜占庭帝國早期和中期是帝國政府對私人工商業(yè)的主動管理和調(diào)整，后期私人工商業(yè)的自由運行是帝國政府無力管制的結(jié)果。 帝國早期和中期對私人工商業(yè)的強制管理能夠在動亂時期為私人工商業(yè)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造一個穩(wěn)定的社會環(huán)境，但這種政府強制性管理也遏制了工商業(yè)自由發(fā)展的活力和動力，使得君士坦丁堡的私人工商業(yè)市場始終受到控制，商業(yè)機會受到很大限制，工商業(yè)者這一社會階層無法得以發(fā)展壯大，更無法成長為一種自由的社會經(jīng)濟力量，拜占庭帝國也無法通過工商業(yè)經(jīng)濟獲得持久的國家財政收入。后期雖然私人工商業(yè)能夠自由發(fā)展，但衰落的帝國已無法為私人工商業(yè)的發(fā)展提供一個安定的環(huán)境，同時周圍其他國家的工商業(yè)經(jīng)濟逐漸成長起來并進入君士坦丁堡，拜占庭帝國的私人工商業(yè)已無法同其他國家的工商業(yè)進行競爭。 第四章論述了城市服務管理。君士坦丁堡的公共服務事業(yè)包括醫(yī)療、救助等慈善活動、公共教育事業(yè)、城市治安管理以及對外防御。在基督教和帝國政治的影響下，皇帝、君士坦丁堡市政機構(gòu)、基督教會及修道院成為參與君士坦丁堡公共服務的主體。慈善救助方面，拜占庭帝國皇帝、官僚貴族及神職人員一方面對君士坦丁堡的老弱病殘進行直接救助，另一方面，皇帝、市政機構(gòu)、基督教會及修道院建立系統(tǒng)的慈善機構(gòu)，救助貧困民眾。這些慈善機構(gòu)共同構(gòu)成一個綜合的慈善系統(tǒng)，擔負起了對城市的服務與管理。教育方面，以皇帝為核心的帝國政府負責為君士坦丁堡的公共教育提供財政資助，建立公共學校，教會和修道院負責公共學校的教育活動，君士坦丁堡市政機構(gòu)負責對其進行監(jiān)督和管理，帝國政府、教會和修道院以及市政機構(gòu)公共參與君士坦丁堡的公共教育事業(yè)。治安與防御方面，堅固的城墻、宮廷衛(wèi)隊、市政官控制下的城市武裝力量以及城外地區(qū)軍隊共同組成一個牢固而復雜的城市安全防御系統(tǒng)，使得君士坦丁堡在一千年的歷史中能夠抵擋蠻族人的屢次侵襲，保證了君士坦丁堡的安全與穩(wěn)固。
[Abstract]:The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire, which not only kept the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the region, but further developed the legal system of the Roman Empire, and established the perfect administrative management system. Constantinople, as the capital of the Byzantine Empire, is not only the political center of the country, but also an important economic center. This paper is to study the city management of Constantinople, to analyze the standard and system of the city management of Constantinople, and to explore the degree of intervention in the public space management of the city by the state power of the traditional society and its influence on the development of the city. The full text is composed of four parts, namely, the city construction of the Constantinople, the management of the office plant, the management of the private business and the management of the public business and the management of the urban public service. The first chapter mainly discusses the layout of Constantinople and the construction of public infrastructure. In the later stage of the Roman Empire, in order to strengthen the management of the eastern part of the Empire and to alleviate the threat of the barbarian to the Empire, the Great Emperor of Constantine decided to set up a new capital city in the Byzantine in the eastern part of the Balkans, which is the Constantine. The new construction is a complete imitation of the city's urban layout and the construction of a public infrastructure, such as a water supply system, a bath, a square and a port. On the whole, the basic construction of Constantinople was mainly concentrated in the 6th century. After the sixth century, under the double blow of the foreign invasion and the natural disaster, the power of the Byzantine Empire gradually declined, and the public foundation of the Constantinople was almost dead and abandoned. The Empire, in terms of military, financial and other aspects, has been reformed and the Republic of Korea has been able to recover and send it. In this case, the public infrastructure of Constantinople is gradually rounded up However, with the arrival of the crusade, the fate of the Byzantine Empire could not be reversed until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and its infrastructure could no longer be repaired The process of the construction and renovation of the infrastructure of the Constantinople reflects the elimination of the power of the Byzantine Empire to a certain extent. In essence, the municipal government and the Imperial Government have been involved in the construction of the public infrastructure of the Constantinople. The second chapter specifies the government of Byzantine Empire to the office of Constantinople. After the crisis of the third century, the social and economic collapse of the Roman Empire, the rapid decline of business and commerce, the large number of unemployment among the industrial and the people, the people In order to restore the business and business order, Diocletianus,284-305), after the government, began to implement the two-day urban economy. A policy of strengthening the management of private business and business, on the one hand, on the one hand, and on the other, taking national ridging in certain areas The essence of the state monopoly refers to the industry and commerce in relation to the lifeblood of the state, and the private operation is prohibited, which is directly monopolized by the imperial government, that is, the office factory. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 395 years, the Eastern Roman Empire continues to carry out the passage of the first pass of the Deakry. The Imperial Office of the Byzantine Empire mainly includes a coin manufacturing plant, a military manufacturing plant and a silk production plant, which are related to the state's fiscal revenue, national security, and the royal family The demand for luxury goods. With the shrinking of the empire, the imperial office in the empire is mainly concentrated in Constantinople, which makes the Imperial Government more convenient and efficient to manage the empire. The government office factory. The raw material of the office factory is purchased by the state, its producer is managed by the state unified recruitment, its production process is regulated by the state-appointed special official, its products flow to the army and the bureaucratic aristocrat group to meet the military and political needs of the empires, from Not to the civil society. From its production process, these official factories are closed political production institutions, not the real social production organization, but the imperial rule. As a result, this determines that its formation, development and evolution are closely linked to the state of the Empire, and the process of its evolution can be seen. The empire was strong and strong. When the empire was flourishing, the office plant was well developed, and the state's control and management were very strict and completely exclusive of private start-up production. The workshop of similar products. The empire is in the period of turmoil or crisis, and the office plant will also have a recession. The private workshop has the space to survive and grow, which can be promoted to a certain extent. The progress of social production. However, it is difficult for private workshops under the turbulence and the crisis to have the conditions of sustainable development, which is the existence and development of private workshops in the gap between the Imperial Government and the government offices controlled by the Imperial Government. On the whole, the office factory is a reflection of the centralized power of the Empire, and the state's monopoly on the government's factories has guaranteed the financial stability of the Empire and the supply of the military equipment to some extent, but this mode is not conducive to the promotion The progress of social production, to a great extent, curbs the society As a result, the manufacturing structure of the Byzantine Empire, which appears to be rigid, is very fragile because it is based on the overall control of the Empire and the lack of internal vitality, that is, it is not possible to achieve it. Moreover, the long-term and rigid existence of the office of the office also stifles the vitality of the folk production, which is also a great development of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe in the late Middle Ages. The third chapter mainly deals with Constantinople. The management of private industry and commerce. The private industry and commerce of Constantinople include the present The original intention of the Byzantine Empire to manage the private industry and commerce of Constantinople was to meet the needs of the royal and bureaucratic nobles and to guarantee the supply of the life and materials of the residents of Constantinople, not for the better development of the monarch. Private business in Tantinburg. As a result, on the one hand, the Imperial Government has a mandatory management of private business and business. On the other hand, with the constant development of private business and commerce, the Imperial Government, in order to obtain more financial revenue, also actively adjusts its management policies and means to make it private In general, that early and medium term of the Byzantine Empire was the government's active management and adjustment of private business and business, and the free operation of private business in the late period was an empire. The result of the government's inability to control. The forced management of private industry and commerce in the early and mid-term of the empire can create a stable social environment for the development of private industry and commerce in the period of turmoil, but the government's mandatory management also curbs the business The dynamic and dynamic of the free development of the industry makes the private industry and commerce market of the Constantinople all the time controlled, the business opportunities are greatly restricted, the social class of the industrial and commercial people can't grow and grow, A free social and economic force, and the Byzantine Empire cannot pass the business and commerce economy. With the free development of private industry and commerce, the decline of the Empire has not been able to provide a stable environment for the development of private industry and commerce, while the business and commerce of other countries around the world are gradually becoming The private business of the Byzantine Empire has not been able to grow up and enter the Constantinople. The business of his country is in competition. The fourth chapter discusses the management of city service. The public service of Constantinople includes such charitable activities as medical and rescue, and public education. Under the influence of Christianity and the imperial politics, the emperor, the Constantinople's municipal institution, the Christian Association and the Monastery become the reference. The main body of the public service of Constantinople. In the aspect of charity, the emperor of Byzantine Empire, the bureaucratic nobleman and the clergy, on the one hand, directly aid the old and weak sick and disabled of the Constantinople, and on the other hand, the emperor, the municipal institution, the Christian Association and the monastery have established the system. The charity, the aid of the poor, together form a comprehensive charitable system, It takes on the service and management of the city. In the aspect of education, the imperial government, which is the core of the emperor, is responsible for providing financial support for the public education of the Constantinople, and establishing public schools, churches and monasteries to be responsible for the education activities of the public schools, and the municipal institutions of the Constantinople are responsible for the It is supervised and managed, and the Imperial Government, the Church and the Monastery and the municipal institutions public. With respect to the public education of Constantinople, the security and defense aspects, the strong wall, the palace guard, the city armed forces under the control of the municipal official and the armed forces outside the city form a solid and complex urban security defense system, so that Constantinople is in a thousand years' history Can resist the repeated attack and the protection of the barbarians.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F299.2;K134

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

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