【摘要】： 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，英國兩大政黨--保守黨和工黨在一系列重大國內(nèi)外政策上的 共識(shí)，即所謂“共識(shí)政治”是戰(zhàn)后英國政治的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)，體現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)后英國政治發(fā)展的 新趨勢(shì)。目前，不論國外還是國內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)共識(shí)政治的研究都還不夠深入。本文的目的是想 通過分析工黨和保守黨政府戰(zhàn)后在重大國事上的趨同與合作，說明戰(zhàn)后英國政黨政治發(fā)展 的基本態(tài)勢(shì)。研究這一問題對(duì)于把握當(dāng)代英國政治，尤其是戰(zhàn)后西方發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家政 治發(fā)展的新趨勢(shì)，具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文主要研究戰(zhàn)后英國（1945年-80年代）兩黨共識(shí)的具體表現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的原因。第 一章“共識(shí)政治研究綜述”，著重介紹國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界、特別是英國學(xué)術(shù)界近幾年對(duì)共識(shí)政治 研究的動(dòng)態(tài)、研究成果及其存在的問題。第二章主要追溯共識(shí)政治產(chǎn)生的歷史淵源以及二 戰(zhàn)對(duì)共識(shí)政治的推動(dòng)作用。戰(zhàn)后保守黨政策革新和理論調(diào)整導(dǎo)致共識(shí)政治的形成。第三至 第五章集中考察戰(zhàn)后兩黨共識(shí)的具體史實(shí)。國有化問題是戰(zhàn)后兩黨經(jīng)濟(jì)政策共識(shí)的一個(gè)重 要領(lǐng)域，除了在鋼鐵工業(yè)部門國有化有分歧外，國有化政策的連續(xù)性是戰(zhàn)后時(shí)期最顯著的 特征。社會(huì)政策方面的共識(shí)包括福利國家、充分就業(yè)和對(duì)工會(huì)政策問題。福利國家政策是 兩黨共識(shí)最為穩(wěn)固的內(nèi)容。為了贏得選民的支持并達(dá)到上臺(tái)執(zhí)政的目的，兩黨都沒有對(duì)福 利政策進(jìn)行重大的修改。艾德禮政府時(shí)期奠定的福利國家的框架在戰(zhàn)后基本沒有大的變動(dòng)。 充分就業(yè)政策是戰(zhàn)后到70年代兩黨一直追求的目標(biāo)。戰(zhàn)后一段時(shí)期內(nèi)曾經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了充分就業(yè) 目標(biāo)。在撒切爾夫人上臺(tái)執(zhí)政前，兩黨在充分就業(yè)問題上始終是有共識(shí)的。兩黨在對(duì)待工 會(huì)問題上達(dá)成以下三方面的共識(shí)；制訂全國性的收入政策、允許工會(huì)參與政府制訂宏觀經(jīng) 濟(jì)政策和運(yùn)用法律規(guī)范工會(huì)的行為。對(duì)外政策方面主要考察兩黨在英美關(guān)系、英蘇關(guān)系、 英帝國、對(duì)歐洲聯(lián)合的政策和核威懾政策方面的共識(shí)。第六章主要敘述保守黨“撒切爾革 命”對(duì)戰(zhàn)后共識(shí)政治的沖擊和工黨的革新政策。80、90年代工黨向保守黨靠攏導(dǎo)致新的共 識(shí)政治又在形成之中。本文的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)主要集中在第七章。筆者運(yùn)用馬克思?xì)v史唯物主 義的基本原理，，對(duì)戰(zhàn)后英國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的基本趨勢(shì)做了考察，分析了戰(zhàn)后共識(shí)政治產(chǎn) 生的原因。第三次科技革命的興起使國家經(jīng)濟(jì)生活和政治生活發(fā)生重大變化，社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié) 構(gòu)的變化又引起社會(huì)階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生深刻變化， 中產(chǎn)階級(jí)迅速崛起。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的崛起使英國 各大政黨階級(jí)屬性發(fā)生微妙變化，導(dǎo)致各黨基本成員和核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集團(tuán)階級(jí)屬性的趨同和接 近，最終導(dǎo)致輪流上臺(tái)執(zhí)政的兩黨階級(jí)屬性的趨同。這是戰(zhàn)后共識(shí)政治產(chǎn)生的最根本的原 因。同時(shí)，議會(huì)政治的發(fā)展和兩黨制度的運(yùn)行，又決定著執(zhí)政黨在制訂和實(shí)施政策時(shí)，必 須正視社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的現(xiàn)實(shí)，在不同程度上兼顧社會(huì)多數(shù)選民的利益。它們必須為爭(zhēng) 取和維持執(zhí)政黨地位而及時(shí)地調(diào)整自身政策。這一因素構(gòu)成了“共識(shí)政治”產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)政 治原因。凱恩斯主義和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)則為戰(zhàn)后共識(shí)政治的產(chǎn)生提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和直接的 推動(dòng)力。戰(zhàn)后西歐社會(huì)民主黨廣泛執(zhí)政則是共識(shí)政治產(chǎn)生的不可或缺的國際條件。 本文雖然只考察1945到80年代的共識(shí)政治，但政治共識(shí)在英國早已有之，并且至今 沒有結(jié)束。共識(shí)政治也不只是英國一國現(xiàn)象，而是當(dāng)代發(fā)達(dá)資本上義國家發(fā)展具有共性的 東西，是西方國家政治生活中廣泛存在的現(xiàn)象和兩黨政治發(fā)展的一種新趨勢(shì)，只不過在英 國表現(xiàn)得最為典型。戰(zhàn)后英國乃至西方國家執(zhí)政的主要政黨，在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)政策上的趨同有 利于資產(chǎn)階級(jí)兩黨制的持續(xù)和發(fā)展，是戰(zhàn)后西方社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、政治穩(wěn)定的重要基礎(chǔ)。因 此，研究戰(zhàn)后英國共識(shí)政治對(duì)于了解當(dāng)代發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國家的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)具有很重大的現(xiàn)實(shí) 意義。
[Abstract]:After the Second World War, the two major British political parties, the Tories and the Labour Party, were in a series of major domestic and foreign policies Consensus, the so-called "consensus politics", is a prominent feature of post-war British politics after the war New trends in the political development of the country. It's a domestic scholar's opinion. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. the party's government was after the war The convergence and co-operation of major national affairs in the post-war political and political development of the post-war The basic situation of the study. On the New Trend of the Development of the Western Developed Capitalist State in the Western Developed Countries after the Second World War; , It is of great practical significance to study the concrete performance of the bipartisan consensus in the post-war England (1945-1980s) and its causes. mary of Consensus and Political Research", highlighting both domestic and foreign studies In recent years, the political community, in particular the British academic community, has a strong interest in the consensus politics The Dynamic, Research and Existing Problems of the Research The second chapter mainly traces the historical origin of the consensus politics. The post-war Tory policy innovation and the theoretical adjustment to reach a consensus The formation of politics. The third to the fifth chapter focus on the post-war two the concrete history of the party's consensus Real. The issue of nationalization is the post-war bipartisan A major area of economic policy consensus, in addition to the iron and steel industrial sector is nationalized In addition, the continuity of the nationalization policy is the most significant in the post-war period Features. The consensus on social policy, including well-being, is adequate Industry and trade union policy issues. Welfare State policy Yes The two-party consensus is the most solid content. In order to win voters' support and to come to power in power For the purpose of this, both parties have not made major changes to the Fuli policy. The framework of the welfare state laid down in the post-war period There's a big change. The full employment policy is The goal of the two parties after the post-war to the 70 's. In the post-war period has achieved full employment The two parties have a consensus on full employment before Mrs. Thatcher came to power. The two parties were right to-be-work (a) A consensus on the following three aspects of the meeting; to develop a national income policy, The trade union is involved in the government's development of macro-economic policies and the application of laws to regulate the conduct of trade unions. external policy aspects The main purpose of this study is to study the relationship between the two parties in the Anglo-American relationship, the relationship between the British and the Soviet Union, the British A consensus on the policy of joint policy and nuclear deterrence. Chapter VI mainly describes the Tories. Cherge "The impact of the post-war consensus politics and the Labour's innovation policies." The Labour Party moved to the Tories in the 1990s. Resulting in the formation of new common politics. The focus and difficulties of this paper are mainly in the first part. Chapter 7 The author uses the basic principle of the main meaning of Marx's history, and the post-war British society The basic trend of economy and politics has been investigated, and the post-war consensus political production is analyzed. the cause of the birth The rise of the third scientific and technological revolution led to the economic and social life of the country The change of the social and economic structure causes a profound change in the structure of the social class. middle and middle production The rapid rise of the class. The rise of the middle class has led to the class attributes of the major political parties in the United Kingdom subtly The change, which leads to the convergence and joint of class attributes of the basic members and the core leaders of the Party The final result in the convergence of the two-party class attributes that take turns to power, which is the result of the post-war consensus. the most fundamental of the original At the same time, the development of the parliamentary politics and the operation of the bipartisan system have also decided The ruling party must face the reality of the change of the social and economic structure in the formulation and implementation of the policy in a different degree, The interests of the majority of the population. They must be contested and maintained. The status of the ruling party can adjust its own policies in a timely manner. p The reason for the social administration of "". Keynesianism and second
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2000
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 趙建民;英國希思政府經(jīng)濟(jì)政策U型轉(zhuǎn)彎研究[D];山東師范大學(xué);2008年

2 賈麗麗;英國艾德禮工黨政府就業(yè)政策研究[D];山東師范大學(xué);2013年

3 相嵐;保守黨政府執(zhí)政時(shí)期（1979-1997）英國教師政策研究[D];華東師范大學(xué);2013年

本文編號(hào)：2457652