【摘要】：由于特殊的地緣政治,俄國貴族與西方貴族有著不同的特征。1722年的《官秩表》把貴族分為世襲貴族和終身貴族。1785年的《貴族特權(quán)敕書》確立了貴族等級在法律上的特權(quán)地位。1782年的《貴族家譜》把世襲貴族分為六類:賞賜或現(xiàn)任貴族;軍事貴族;官僚貴族或勛章貴族;外國貴族家族;爵位貴族;古代貴族家族。1832年法典第九卷確立了獲得世襲貴族稱號的三種方式:1.通過沙皇的賞賜取得貴族身份;2.通過擔任《官秩表》內(nèi)的文武官職取得貴族身份;3.通過獲得爵位、勛章來取得貴族身份。但是終身貴族稱號不能世襲,不能列入貴族家譜更不能參加貴族團體。占有土地不能成為獲得貴族稱號的前提,國家義務才是俄國貴族法律權(quán)利得以保障的根本前提。貴族等級制度的特征又是通過爵位、勛章和制服得以體現(xiàn)的。從西方引進的爵位制度是給予貴族的封號,僅有三級:公爵,伯爵,男爵�；照潞椭品琴F族等級權(quán)利和榮譽的外在體現(xiàn)。《官秩表》內(nèi)的文武官職橫向分為軍官、文官、宮廷官;縱向上軍官分為將官,校官,尉官,文官分為最高、中層、下層行政長官。任軍官則14品及以上即為世襲貴族,而文官和宮廷官員則8品及以上才為世襲貴族,8品以下為終身貴族,不可世襲,因此軍官地位要優(yōu)于文官和宮廷官。以上三種官職的制服最基本的作用是表現(xiàn)官階的高低,不同官職的制服各有特色,軍官制服分為禮服和戰(zhàn)服,禮服的制作追求極致的華麗,而戰(zhàn)服則要兼顧功能性和舒適性;文官的制服種類繁多,行政系統(tǒng)、地域和場合決定著文官制服的款式;宮廷官員以手杖、鑲嵌鉆石的鑰匙作為高級官階的象征物,男女官員制服有所不同,未婚和已婚女官的制服也有區(qū)別。勛章是對為國做出突出貢獻的表彰,非貴族被授予勛章即可成為貴族。勛章分為十七個等級,只有圣安德烈勛章被列入了《官秩表》。每種勛章形態(tài)各異做工考究,對應著不同的制服,這些制服和勛章是個人功績的外在表現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:Because of special geopolitics, Russian aristocrats and western aristocrats have different characteristics. In 1722, the official Rank Table divided aristocrats into hereditary aristocrats and lifelong aristocrats. In 1785, the Royal Book of Privileges of the aristocrats established the privileged status of aristocrats in law. Genealogy of aristocrats divides hereditary aristocrats into six categories: reward or present nobility; Military nobleman; bureaucrat or medal nobleman; foreign aristocrat family; aristocratic peerage; ancient aristocratic family. Volume IX of the 1832 Code established three ways of obtaining the title of hereditary aristocrat: 1. Obtain aristocrat status by czar's reward; 2. To acquire aristocrat status by holding civil and military positions in the official rank table; 3. To obtain nobility by obtaining a title and a medal. However, the title of lifelong aristocrats cannot be inherited, nor can it be included in aristocratic genealogy and participate in aristocratic groups. The possession of land can not be the premise of the title of nobility, and the duty of state is the fundamental premise to guarantee the legal rights of Russian aristocrats. The aristocratic hierarchy is characterized by titles, medals, and uniforms. The title introduced from the West was the title given to aristocrats, with only three levels: Duke, Earl, Baron. Badges and uniforms are the external embodiment of aristocratic rank rights and honors. The civil and military officers in the official rank table are divided into officers, civil servants and court officials. Vertically, officers are divided into officers, school officers, cadets, civil servants divided into the highest, middle, lower-level chief executive. Officers were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, while civil servants and court officials were hereditary aristocrats, and less than 8 were life-long aristocrats, not hereditary. Therefore, the status of military officers was superior to that of civil servants and court officials. The most basic function of the uniforms of the above three official positions is to show the rank of officers, the uniforms of different official positions have their own characteristics, the uniforms of officers are divided into tuxedos and combat uniforms, and the dress is made to pursue extreme splendor, while the combat uniforms should take into account both function and comfort; There are many kinds of civilian uniform, the administrative system, region and occasion determine the style of civilian uniform; Court officials use walking sticks and diamond-inlaid keys as symbols of senior rank, the uniforms of male and female officials are different, and the uniforms of unmarried and married women are different. Medals are the recognition of outstanding contributions to the country, non-aristocrats being awarded to become aristocrats. The order is divided into seventeen grades, and only the order of St. Andrea is included in the official order list. Each of the medals is well-done and corresponds to different uniforms, which are external expressions of personal merit.
【學位授予單位】：蘇州科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K512.34

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