【摘要】： 在二戰(zhàn)后東歐國家的蘇化過程中，匈牙利是抵制蘇化時(shí)間最長的一個(gè)，原因是匈牙利的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政黨小農(nóng)黨和社會(huì)民主黨右翼的力量比較強(qiáng)大，它們都抵制了匈牙利的蘇化進(jìn)程，延緩了這個(gè)過程。然而，由于匈牙利是一個(gè)小國，還是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)敗國，蘇聯(lián)在二戰(zhàn)后期就開始控制匈牙利，作為蘇聯(lián)的安全緩沖帶，戰(zhàn)后初期一直致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)。美英從政治動(dòng)機(jī)上并不想放棄匈牙利，它們也想把匈牙利納入自己的勢力范圍，政治上防止蘇聯(lián)對西方的威脅，經(jīng)濟(jì)上建立更廣大的市場。然而，由于戰(zhàn)后初期西歐社會(huì)存在著許多動(dòng)蕩、不穩(wěn)定的因素，所以美英把主要注意力放在西歐；另外，蘇軍在二戰(zhàn)后期已經(jīng)進(jìn)入匈牙利，而美英在匈牙利沒有軍事力量，因此它們通過經(jīng)濟(jì)和外交手段來抵制蘇聯(lián)對匈牙利的控制，但沒有成功，不得不接受了匈牙利被蘇聯(lián)化的事實(shí)。匈牙利在三年的時(shí)間內(nèi)最終淪為蘇聯(lián)的衛(wèi)星國。本文旨在探索匈牙利在1945-1948年間逐步變成蘇聯(lián)附屬國的這一過程以及這一過程背后的深層原因，進(jìn)而揭示出二戰(zhàn)后隨著冷戰(zhàn)的開始和蘇美國關(guān)系的完全破裂，國際格局走向了兩極對峙，在這樣的背景下，蘇美兩國都積極擴(kuò)展自己的勢力范圍，像匈牙利這樣的小國、弱國失去了獨(dú)立選擇自己前途的自由，，成為大國政治的犧牲品和附屬物。通過對這一課題的研究，希望能引發(fā)更多關(guān)于如何建立一個(gè)寬松、和平的國際環(huán)境，如何維護(hù)國際政治中小國、弱國的尊嚴(yán)和獨(dú)立性的相關(guān)思考和探索。 本文分為五個(gè)部分： 第一部分概述了匈牙利的歷史情況，二戰(zhàn)中受到的嚴(yán)重破壞，戰(zhàn)后初期蘇聯(lián)和美英對匈牙利的主要政策，匈牙利在1945年大選前的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)狀。 第二部分是關(guān)于1945年匈牙利的兩次大選，內(nèi)容包括大選前的政府機(jī)構(gòu)，大選的過程和大選中各主要政黨的競選活動(dòng)以及蘇、美英對大選中反應(yīng)，并對大選的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了分析。 第三部分論述了1945年全國大選后到1947年夏天議會(huì)中的第一大黨小農(nóng)黨被排擠出匈牙利政治舞臺(tái)。內(nèi)容包括大選后蘇聯(lián)為了確保今后能完全控制匈牙利為匈牙利共產(chǎn)黨爭取到了政府中最主要的部門內(nèi)務(wù)部并因此控制了警察力量；1945年冬天設(shè)立了最高經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)，從而控制了匈牙利的經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈。1946年共產(chǎn)黨和小農(nóng)黨之間的較量，1947年隨著蘇聯(lián)和美國關(guān)系的惡化蘇聯(lián)與匈牙利共產(chǎn)黨徹底打垮了小農(nóng)黨。 第四部分論述1947年小農(nóng)黨被排擠出政府后，匈牙利共產(chǎn)黨在蘇聯(lián)的指示下清除了社會(huì)民主黨右翼并同并了社會(huì)民主黨，在匈牙利建立了完全親蘇的一黨制政府并實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)國有化的過程。 第五部分是文章的結(jié)論。
[Abstract]:In the post-World War II Soviet process in Eastern European countries, Hungary was the longest boycott of Soviet transformation, because Hungary's bourgeois party, the small Farmer Party, and the Social Democratic Party's right-wing were more powerful. They all boycotted the Soviet process in Hungary, delaying the process. However, because Hungary is a small country or a defeated country, the Soviet Union began to control Hungary in the late World War II, acting as a security buffer for the Soviet Union, which has been committed to achieving this goal in the early part of the post-war period. The United States and Britain do not want to give up Hungary politically, they also want to bring Hungary into their sphere of influence, politically prevent the Soviet Union from threatening the West, and build wider markets economically. However, because there are many volatile and unstable factors in Western European society in the early postwar period, the United States and Britain pay more attention to Western Europe. In addition, the Soviet forces had entered Hungary in the late part of World War II, and the United States and Britain had no military force in Hungary, so they resisted Soviet control of Hungary through economic and diplomatic means, but did not succeed. He had to accept the fact that Hungary had become Soviet. Hungary eventually became the satellite state of the Soviet Union for three years. The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of Hungary becoming a subordinate state of the Soviet Union in 1945 and 1948, and the underlying causes behind this process, and to reveal the complete breakdown of Soviet-American relations with the beginning of the Cold War after World War II. Against this background, the Soviet Union and the United States have actively expanded their spheres of influence. Small countries such as Hungary and weak countries have lost the freedom to choose their own future independently. Become victims and appendages of great power politics. Through the study of this subject, we hope to arouse more thoughts and explorations about how to establish a loose and peaceful international environment and how to safeguard the dignity and independence of small and weak countries in international politics. This article is divided into five parts: the first part outlines the history of Hungary, the serious damage suffered in World War II, the main policies of the Soviet Union and the United States and Britain towards Hungary in the early postwar period. Hungary's political and economic status before the 1945 general election. The second part is about the two general elections in Hungary in 1945, including the government agencies before the general election, the process of the general election and the campaign activities of the main political parties in the general election, the reaction of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain to the general election, and the analysis of the results of the general election. The third part discusses that after the national election in 1945 to the summer of 1947, the largest party, the peasant party, was excluded from the Hungarian political stage. This includes the fact that the Soviet Union, in order to ensure full control of Hungary in the future, has won the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the leading department of government for the Hungarian Communist Party, and therefore the police force after the general elections; The Supreme Economic Council was set up in the winter of 1945 to control Hungary's economic lifeline. In 1946, when relations between the Soviet Union and the United States worsened, the Soviet Union and the Hungarian Communist Party completely defeated the small peasant party in the battle between the Communist Party and the small Farmer Party. The fourth part discusses that after the small peasant party was excluded from the government in 1947, the Hungarian Communist Party, under the instructions of the Soviet Union, removed the right wing of the Social Democratic Party and merged it with the Social Democratic Party. A fully pro-Soviet one-party government was established in Hungary and the process of economic nationalization was achieved. The fifth part is the conclusion of the article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K515.5

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