【摘要】：在中世紀城市社會中，按照傳統(tǒng)的勞動分工，普通女性仍是家庭勞動的主要承擔者，洗衣做飯、打掃衛(wèi)生、種植蔬菜、服侍丈夫、撫養(yǎng)孩子以及飼養(yǎng)牲畜等都是普通女性的工作，這些工作非常煩瑣并占去了普通女性大部分時間。除了從事家庭勞動之外，許多女性也走出家門，從事各種各樣的社會性勞動，如做紡織工、釀酒者及商業(yè)中的零售者等，部分較年輕的女性迫于生活的壓力而去作仆人、甚至作妓女。 一般而言，普通女性不被允許參與社會性勞動，當時城市法及行會規(guī)章都不鼓勵女性自由活動，更反對女性成為獨立的經(jīng)濟參與者，宗教機構(gòu)也大肆宣揚“女人主內(nèi)”思想的合理性。但是，中世紀社會生產(chǎn)力水平的低下以及接連不斷的天災(zāi)人禍使得僅僅依靠男人的勞動無法維持家庭的生存，在這樣的情況下，城市普通女性便走出家門，從事力所能及的社會性勞動，以此來滿足個人及家庭生存的需要。 在“重男輕女”思想的影響之下，普通女性的社會性勞動也被打上了性別歧視的烙印，這主要表現(xiàn)在：許多社會地位低、工資少的工作被當成女人的，如釀酒、紡織及零售等，而男人從事的卻是受人尊敬的、工資高、利潤高的工作。而且，普通女性的社會性勞動具有明顯的不同于男性勞動的特點：首先，普通女性往往同時身兼數(shù)職，這種職業(yè)的重疊性使得普通女性沒有確立起自己明確的工作身份。其次是女性職業(yè)的邊緣化，缺乏有效的工作保障，女性勞動被看成是男性勞動的附庸。再次，，職業(yè)的性別隔離傾向，這主要是指女性從事的職業(yè)更像是其家庭勞動的一種延伸。由于城市普通女性經(jīng)濟地位低下，其家庭地位與社會地位也是及其低下的。城市普通女性的家庭地位 與社會地位不及農(nóng)村女性也不及城市貴族女性，因為農(nóng)村女性是家庭勞動力 的重要部分，她們可以自由的走出家門從事田間勞作，是物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)活動的直 接參與者;而城市貴族女性，可以通過遺產(chǎn)繼承獲得財富，同時獲得財富的 處置權(quán)。 總之，盡管存在各種不利因素，普通女性的勞動仍然具有重要的歷史意 義。首先，她們的勞動對于維持其家庭的生存意義重大，因為中世紀的生產(chǎn) 力水平使得男性的勞動滿足不了整個家庭的需要。其次，女性的社會性勞動 對于中世紀經(jīng)濟發(fā)展也具有積極的不可替代的作用。 中世紀西歐城市普通女性的勞動狀況表明普通女性是社會歷史的積極 創(chuàng)造者。
[Abstract]:In medieval urban society, according to the traditional division of labour, ordinary women were still the main bearers of family work, washing and cooking, cleaning, growing vegetables and serving their husbands. Raising children and raising livestock are common female jobs that are cumbersome and take up most of the average woman's time. In addition to engaging in domestic work, many women also go out of the house and engage in a variety of social labor, such as textile workers, winemakers and retailers in business, and some younger women are forced to work as servants under the pressure of life. Even as a prostitute. In general, ordinary women are not allowed to participate in social labour. At that time, neither the city law nor the regulations of trade associations encouraged women to move freely, and they were more opposed to women becoming independent economic participants. Religious institutions also trumpeted the rationality of the idea of "woman-in-chief". However, the low level of social productivity in the Middle Ages and the continuous succession of natural and man-made disasters made it impossible to sustain the survival of the family by relying solely on the work of men. In such circumstances, ordinary urban women walked out of their homes. Engage in social labor as far as possible to meet the needs of individual and family survival. Under the influence of "son preference", the social labor of ordinary women has also been branded as sexist. This is mainly manifested in the fact that many jobs with low social status and low wages are regarded as women's, such as wine making, textile and retail, and so on. Men, on the other hand, are doing respectable, well-paid, profitable jobs. Moreover, the social labor of ordinary women is obviously different from that of male labor. Firstly, the common women tend to hold several positions at the same time. The overlapping of this kind of occupation makes the ordinary women have not established their own clear working status. The second is the marginalization of female occupation, the lack of effective job security, female labor is regarded as the subordinate of male labor. Third, the occupational gender segregation tendency, which mainly refers to the occupation of women is more like an extension of their family work. Due to the low economic status of ordinary urban women, their family status and social status are also extremely low. The family and social status of ordinary urban women is inferior to that of rural women and urban aristocratic women, because rural women are an important part of the family labor force. They are free to walk out of their homes and work in the fields, and they are direct participants in material production activities; Urban aristocratic women, through inheritance, can obtain wealth, and at the same time obtain the right to dispose of wealth. In short, in spite of all kinds of disadvantages, the labor of ordinary women still has an important historical meaning. First of all, their labor is of great significance to the survival of their families, because the level of production in the Middle Ages made it impossible for men's labour to meet the needs of the entire family. Secondly, women's social labor also has a positive and irreplaceable role in the economic development in the Middle Ages. The working conditions of ordinary women in medieval western European cities show that ordinary women are the active creators of social history.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K50

【引證文獻】

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