【摘要】： 從老塔克文的暴政被推翻,至屋大維元首制的建立,羅馬共和國的歷史綿延了近五百年時(shí)間。其間,它的社會各階級、階層都充分扮演了各自的角色。其中,元老院這一機(jī)構(gòu)十分引人注目。元老院是古羅馬最重要的國家機(jī)構(gòu),是古羅馬政治生活的重要組成部分。 文章導(dǎo)言部分主要說明本課題研究的可能性和必要性、本文研究的范圍以及當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界對該課題研究的現(xiàn)狀,試圖對共和時(shí)期的羅馬元老院進(jìn)行一下全面而系統(tǒng)的研究。 正文從三個(gè)方面來論述共和時(shí)期的羅馬元老院。第一部分論述了元老院的產(chǎn)生和演變。其中對其演變的論述是本文的創(chuàng)新。其一,從元老院的產(chǎn)生年代、元老的數(shù)目變化來論述元老院的產(chǎn)生;其二,主要闡述了元老院的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn),主要體現(xiàn)在元老的等級之分和元老院的運(yùn)作方面;并分析了元老院的性質(zhì),主要涉及的內(nèi)容包括元老院早期是貴族氏族酋長會議,到共和時(shí)期元老院的性質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)為間接民選性質(zhì)和代議制性質(zhì);其三,著重論述了元老院成員在人員結(jié)構(gòu)上的不斷變化。最初的氏族貴族,隨著卸任國家官員、平民上層、騎士、意大利人等的不斷加入,其結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了變化。 第二部分主要論述了元老院的廣泛職能。其內(nèi)容包括元老院在行政、立法、財(cái)政、宗教、軍事、外交等方面的實(shí)權(quán);并進(jìn)一步分析了其形成的主要原因:其一,共和時(shí)期羅馬元老院內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的顯著變化;其二,共和時(shí)期全體人民群眾對元老院的認(rèn)可;其三,共和時(shí)期元老院自身在對內(nèi)和對外的發(fā)展中功勛顯著;另外這一大部分還論述了元老院權(quán)力的制約因素:首先,元老院是害怕群眾的,它一定要對人民的意志,予以適當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?采取對人民群眾負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度;其次,元老院必須采取對監(jiān)察官負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度;最后,元老院是受保民官權(quán)力制約的,亦必須采取對保民官負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度。 第三部分重點(diǎn)分析了元老院的作用。首先從行政、立法、司法等方面闡述了元老院在權(quán)力制衡中的制衡作用;其次分析了在等級斗爭中元老院的干預(yù)、調(diào)和及對僭主政治和極端民主化傾向的作用;再次是元老院在對外發(fā)展擴(kuò)張中的作用;最后扼要概括了元老院在共和后期的阻礙作用。 直到現(xiàn)在,由于深受前蘇聯(lián)歷史學(xué)界的影響,把共和時(shí)期的羅馬元老院等同于氏族貴族和反動團(tuán)體。事實(shí)上,作為參謀部和司令部,元老院使得早期的小城鎮(zhèn)變成世界性帝國,羅馬元老院做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。元老院作為氏族貴族的代表,代表貴族利益,但它的所作所為并不等于貴族,特別是在共和早期,元老院作為調(diào)節(jié)者取得了巨大成功。元老院以其獨(dú)特的權(quán)力,緩和了平民與貴族的矛盾,維護(hù)了國家的穩(wěn)定,極大的推進(jìn)了羅馬共和國的民主進(jìn)程,為羅馬共和國成功的抗擊外敵侵略以及對外擴(kuò)張,成為橫跨歐亞非三洲的古代史上的大帝國做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。然而,元老院并非十全十美,同樣有其局限性。
[Abstract]:From the overthrow of the old Tarkovan tyranny to the establishment of Octavian, the history of the Roman Republic lasted for nearly 500 years. During the period, its social classes and strata have played their own roles. Among them, Senate this one institution is very noticeable. The Senate was the most important state institution in ancient Rome and an important part of Roman political life. The introduction of this paper mainly explains the possibility and necessity of the research, the scope of this study and the current situation of the academic circles at home and abroad, trying to carry out a comprehensive and systematic study of the Roman Senate in the Republican period. The text discusses the Roman Senate in the Republican period from three aspects. The first part discusses the emergence and evolution of the Senate. The discussion of its evolution is the innovation of this paper. First, from the generation of the Senate, the number of the old to discuss the generation of the Senate; second, mainly elaborated the two characteristics of the Senate, mainly reflected in the grade of the old and the operation of the Senate; And analyzed the nature of the Senate, mainly involved in the Senate is the early aristocracy Chiefs of the Congress, to the Republican period of the nature of the Senate to indirect elected nature and representative nature; Third, the members of the Senate in the staff structure of the constant changes. The original clan aristocracy changed its structure with the addition of retired state officials, civilians, knights, Italians, etc. The second part mainly discusses the wide range of functions of the Senate. It includes the real power of the Senate in the aspects of administration, legislation, finance, religion, military affairs, diplomacy and so on, and further analyzes the main reasons for its formation: first, the remarkable changes in the internal structure of the Senate in Rome during the Republican period; Second, the recognition of the Senate by all the people during the Republican period, and the remarkable merit of the Senate itself in the development of the Senate at home and abroad during the Republican period; In addition, this part also discusses the power of the Senate constraints: first, the Senate is afraid of the masses, it must pay due attention to the will of the people, take a responsible attitude to the people; Second, the Senate must be accountable to the Ombudsman. Finally, the Senate is subject to the power of the Protector, and must also take the attitude of responsibility to the Protector. The third part analyzes the role of Senate. Firstly, it expounds the check and balance function of the Senate in the checks and balances of power from the aspects of administration, legislation and judicature, and then analyzes the interference of the Senate in the hierarchical struggle, and the role of the Senate in reconciling the political and extreme democratic tendency of the tyrant. Third, the role of Senate in the external development and expansion, and finally briefly summarized the role of the Senate in the late Republican obstructions. Until now, deeply influenced by Soviet historiography, the Roman Senate was equated with clan nobles and reactionary groups. In fact, as a staff and headquarters, the Senate turned the early small towns into a world empire, and the Roman Senate made a great contribution. The Senate, as the representative of the clan aristocracy, represented the aristocratic interests, but what it did was not equal to the nobility, especially in the early Republican period, the Senate as the regulator achieved great success. With its unique power, the Senate eased the conflict between the common people and the nobility, maintained the stability of the country, greatly advanced the democratic process of the Roman Republic, and successfully fought against foreign aggression and expansion for the Roman Republic. Great contributions were made to becoming a great empire in ancient history across Eurasia and Africa. However, the Senate is not perfect, but also has its limitations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K126

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本文編號：2371501