十六世紀(jì)英國(guó)新教改革：根源和基本特征
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-17 11:31
【摘要】： 16世紀(jì)英國(guó)新教改革運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)英國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化都產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,是中世紀(jì)和近代英國(guó)的分水嶺。本文從宗教、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)著手研究了這次運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的歷史根源,以及由此決定的本質(zhì)特征。同時(shí)以史為鑒是本文的終極目的,因?yàn)槲覀兊慕裉旒词敲魈斓臍v史。 本文認(rèn)為英國(guó)宗教改革主要由三方面的因素醞釀和推動(dòng)的。首先羅馬天主教會(huì)到中世紀(jì)晚期已蛻變成一個(gè)以教皇為首的腐敗的超國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu),脫離了作為精神機(jī)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)。教會(huì)內(nèi)外虔誠(chéng)的基督徒,尤其是知識(shí)階層要求改革天主教會(huì),回到基督教本源的呼聲很高。但是由于任何改革措施都將觸動(dòng)天主教會(huì)原有的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治特權(quán),因此以教皇為首的既得利益集團(tuán)一直都抵制改革,并對(duì)教會(huì)內(nèi)外的改革力量采取了高壓政策。但是要求改革的呼聲并沒(méi)有因此而停止,這也是新教產(chǎn)生的根源。 其次,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,歐洲的封建封臣制和基督教大世界觀念逐漸瓦解。取而代之的是逐漸成型的具有中央集權(quán)的民族國(guó)家。成長(zhǎng)中的民族國(guó)家越來(lái)越不能容忍羅馬教會(huì)強(qiáng)加的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)和政治上的限制。而英國(guó)在十六世紀(jì)初還只是歐洲政治舞臺(tái)上正在成長(zhǎng)中的、不起眼的小島國(guó),她不能如強(qiáng)大的西班牙和法國(guó)那樣操縱教會(huì)為己所用。因此國(guó)家和教會(huì)的關(guān)系始終潛伏著危機(jī)。 此外,隨著英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,一個(gè)不同于封建貴族和農(nóng)奴的新興階層,即以鄉(xiāng)紳,商人為代表的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)正在形成。這個(gè)日益壯大的新興階級(jí)將依靠一切力量創(chuàng)造一個(gè)適合其發(fā)展和壯大的新的社會(huì)秩序。 這三方面的根源充分地反映在英國(guó)宗教改革的基本特征上。首先是政治和宗教力量的合作。新教教義不僅為擺脫教皇統(tǒng)治,實(shí)現(xiàn)王權(quán)至尊、沒(méi)收教會(huì)財(cái)產(chǎn)等政治革命提供了理論基礎(chǔ),而且也提供了改革必須的廣泛的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí),新教通過(guò)政治力量的支持,獲得了發(fā)展和確立其國(guó)教地位的機(jī)會(huì)。其次,王權(quán)在英國(guó)新教改革運(yùn)動(dòng)中起了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和決定性作用。王權(quán)在向近代轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期是民族力量和國(guó)家實(shí)力的化身,因此民族國(guó)家和羅馬教會(huì)的斗爭(zhēng)必然表現(xiàn)為王權(quán)和教權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng)。同時(shí)王權(quán)又是唯一可以和教權(quán)抗衡的力量,所以王權(quán)的立場(chǎng)決定了新教改革的成功與否。但是王權(quán)首要考慮的是政治利益,所以王權(quán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位決定了改革的最后產(chǎn)物需均衡各方利益,而不是局限于教義的細(xì)節(jié)上。這也是英國(guó)國(guó)教保留了天主教成分的原因所在。 同時(shí),歷史的偶然性在這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)中也起了不可忽略的作用。雖然英國(guó)進(jìn)行新教改革有其必然的一面,但是改革的方式和過(guò)程,以及最終新教的國(guó)教地位的確立卻充滿了偶然性。本文著重探討了引發(fā)改革的直接原因的偶然性以及瑪麗女王和伊利莎白一世當(dāng)政時(shí)期關(guān)鍵的偶然因素。
[Abstract]:The English Protestant Reformation Movement in the 16th century had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of England, which was the watershed between the Middle Ages and the modern England. This paper studies the historical origin and the essential characteristics of this movement from the perspective of religion, politics and economy. At the same time, learning from history is the ultimate purpose of this paper, because our present is tomorrow's history. This article thinks that the British religious reform is mainly brewed and promoted by three factors. First, the Roman Catholic Church has degenerated into a corrupt supranational authority headed by the pope in the late Middle Ages, leaving its essence as a spiritual institution. There are strong calls for the Catholic Church to be reformed by devout Christians inside and outside the church, especially the intellectual class. But since any reform measures would touch the original economic and political privileges of the Catholic Church, vested interest groups headed by the Pope had been resisting the reform and had adopted a high-handed policy against the reform forces inside and outside the church. But calls for reform have not stopped, which is the root cause of Protestantism. Secondly, with the development of economy, the feudal vassal system of Europe and the idea of Christian world gradually disintegrated. It was replaced by a gradually formed nation-state with centralized power. Growing nation-states are increasingly intolerant of the economic burdens and political constraints imposed by the Roman Church. In the early 16th century Britain was a small, growing island nation on the European political stage, unable to manipulate churches as powerful as Spain and France. As a result, the relationship between the state and the church always lurks in crisis. In addition, with the development of the British economy, a new class, represented by the squire and merchants, was forming, which was different from the feudal aristocrats and serfs. The growing class will rely on all efforts to create a new social order suitable for its development and growth. The roots of these three aspects are fully reflected in the basic features of the British religious reform. The first is the cooperation of political and religious forces. Protestantism not only provides a theoretical basis for the political revolution such as getting rid of the papal rule, realizing Wang Quan's supremacy and confiscating the church property, but also provides a broad social basis for the reform. At the same time, Protestantism, supported by political forces, was given the opportunity to develop and establish its status as a state religion. Secondly, Wang Quan played a leading and decisive role in the English Protestant Reform Movement. Wang Quan was the embodiment of national strength and national strength in the period of transition to modern times, so the struggle between the nation-state and the Roman church must be the struggle of the royal power and the religious power. At the same time Wang Quan is the only power that can compete with the right of religion, so Wang Quan's position determines the success of Protestant reform. But Wang Quan's primary consideration is political interests, so Wang Quan's leadership determines that the final product of reform needs to balance the interests of all parties, not confined to the details of the doctrine. This is why the Anglican Church retains its Catholic component. At the same time, the chance of history also played an important role in this movement. Although the reform of Protestantism in England has its inevitable side, the way and process of the reform and the establishment of the status of the state religion of Protestantism in the end are full of fortuitousness. This paper focuses on the accident of the direct cause of the reform and the key accidental factors during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth I.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K561.4
，
本文編號(hào)：2337623
[Abstract]:The English Protestant Reformation Movement in the 16th century had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of England, which was the watershed between the Middle Ages and the modern England. This paper studies the historical origin and the essential characteristics of this movement from the perspective of religion, politics and economy. At the same time, learning from history is the ultimate purpose of this paper, because our present is tomorrow's history. This article thinks that the British religious reform is mainly brewed and promoted by three factors. First, the Roman Catholic Church has degenerated into a corrupt supranational authority headed by the pope in the late Middle Ages, leaving its essence as a spiritual institution. There are strong calls for the Catholic Church to be reformed by devout Christians inside and outside the church, especially the intellectual class. But since any reform measures would touch the original economic and political privileges of the Catholic Church, vested interest groups headed by the Pope had been resisting the reform and had adopted a high-handed policy against the reform forces inside and outside the church. But calls for reform have not stopped, which is the root cause of Protestantism. Secondly, with the development of economy, the feudal vassal system of Europe and the idea of Christian world gradually disintegrated. It was replaced by a gradually formed nation-state with centralized power. Growing nation-states are increasingly intolerant of the economic burdens and political constraints imposed by the Roman Church. In the early 16th century Britain was a small, growing island nation on the European political stage, unable to manipulate churches as powerful as Spain and France. As a result, the relationship between the state and the church always lurks in crisis. In addition, with the development of the British economy, a new class, represented by the squire and merchants, was forming, which was different from the feudal aristocrats and serfs. The growing class will rely on all efforts to create a new social order suitable for its development and growth. The roots of these three aspects are fully reflected in the basic features of the British religious reform. The first is the cooperation of political and religious forces. Protestantism not only provides a theoretical basis for the political revolution such as getting rid of the papal rule, realizing Wang Quan's supremacy and confiscating the church property, but also provides a broad social basis for the reform. At the same time, Protestantism, supported by political forces, was given the opportunity to develop and establish its status as a state religion. Secondly, Wang Quan played a leading and decisive role in the English Protestant Reform Movement. Wang Quan was the embodiment of national strength and national strength in the period of transition to modern times, so the struggle between the nation-state and the Roman church must be the struggle of the royal power and the religious power. At the same time Wang Quan is the only power that can compete with the right of religion, so Wang Quan's position determines the success of Protestant reform. But Wang Quan's primary consideration is political interests, so Wang Quan's leadership determines that the final product of reform needs to balance the interests of all parties, not confined to the details of the doctrine. This is why the Anglican Church retains its Catholic component. At the same time, the chance of history also played an important role in this movement. Although the reform of Protestantism in England has its inevitable side, the way and process of the reform and the establishment of the status of the state religion of Protestantism in the end are full of fortuitousness. This paper focuses on the accident of the direct cause of the reform and the key accidental factors during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth I.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K561.4
，
本文編號(hào)：2337623
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