美國(guó)中央太平洋鐵路建設(shè)中的華工
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-17 10:14
【摘要】： 中央太平洋鐵路建設(shè)中的華工史是早期在美華人史的一個(gè)縮影。本文以中央太平洋鐵路建設(shè)中的華工群體為切入點(diǎn),在真實(shí)還原這段歷史,讓更多人,包括國(guó)人與美國(guó)民眾,了解并記住華工當(dāng)年鐵路建設(shè)過(guò)程中所作出的貢獻(xiàn)與犧牲的同時(shí),還以鐵路建設(shè)中的華工境遇為視角,分析排華背后隱藏的原因與條件,從而為現(xiàn)在華人在美國(guó)發(fā)展和中美關(guān)系的走向提供歷史借鑒。 文章分三大部分七章論述。第一部分包括第一、二章,對(duì)中央太平洋鐵路與早期旅美華工進(jìn)行概述;第二部分包括第三、四、五、六章,論述了首次招募華工的過(guò)程,鐵路華工的數(shù)量、工種分配、收入與支出,華工在布魯默開(kāi)鑿、合恩角的挑戰(zhàn)、15條隧道和一天十英里進(jìn)度的奇跡方面作出的突出貢獻(xiàn),分析了在太平洋鐵路建設(shè)過(guò)程中的華工傷亡情況,以及完工之后去向,再現(xiàn)了1864-1869年期間華工在中央太平洋鐵路上的工作與生活的真實(shí)狀態(tài)。筆者根據(jù)大量史料,糾正了目前學(xué)術(shù)界的一些定論:(1)首次招募華工的時(shí)間是在1864年1月,而不是1865年春天;(2)華工參與了布魯默的開(kāi)鑿,并為此作出了突出的貢獻(xiàn);(3)在合恩角,華工們?cè)趹已虑捅陂_(kāi)鑿路基的工具就是簡(jiǎn)陋的用蘆葦編制的草籃子;(4)在鐵路建設(shè)過(guò)程中,華工雇傭總數(shù)在14000-23000之間,而不是目前認(rèn)為的10000左右;(5)在鐵路建設(shè)過(guò)程中,超過(guò)1200名華工作出了生命的犧牲,而不是美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)認(rèn)為的50人,最多不會(huì)超過(guò)100人的說(shuō)法。第三部分是總結(jié)和評(píng)價(jià)部分。在鐵路完成后7年,國(guó)會(huì)組織一個(gè)聯(lián)合委員會(huì)調(diào)查美國(guó)華人入境的程度和影響,當(dāng)時(shí)的加州州長(zhǎng)、中央太平洋鐵路公司主席斯坦福、四大之一的克羅克和鐵路工程部主任斯托布里奇等對(duì)鐵路華工作出了高度的肯定評(píng)價(jià)。與對(duì)華工的肯定評(píng)價(jià)截然不同的是華工在美國(guó)受到的不公平的對(duì)待。美國(guó)的種族主義與當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退、勞動(dòng)力過(guò)剩的歷史背景直接導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)大規(guī)模的排華,早期旅美華工自身的某些缺陷也成為美國(guó)排華的借口。
[Abstract]:The history of Chinese construction in the Central Pacific Railway is a microcosm of the early Chinese history in the United States. This article regards the Chinese workers in the construction of the Central Pacific Railway as the starting point, while restoring this period of history, so that more people, including the people of China and the United States, can understand and remember the contributions and sacrifices made by Chinese workers in the course of railway construction in those years. From the perspective of the situation of Chinese workers in railway construction, this paper analyzes the hidden reasons and conditions behind the exclusion of Chinese, thus providing historical reference for the development of Chinese in the United States and the trend of Sino-American relations. The article is divided into three parts and seven chapters. The first part includes the first and second chapters, which summarizes the Central Pacific Railway and the early Chinese workers in the United States. The second part includes the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth chapters. It discusses the process of recruiting Chinese workers for the first time, the number of Chinese workers in the railway, the distribution of jobs, the income and expenditure, and the challenges of the Chinese workers digging in Blume and Cape Horn. The outstanding contributions of the 15 tunnels and the miracle of ten miles a day, the analysis of the casualties of Chinese workers in the construction of the Pacific Railway, and the way to go after the completion of the project. It recreates the true state of work and life of Chinese workers on the Central Pacific Railway during 1864-1869. According to a large number of historical data, the author corrects some conclusions of the academic circles at present: (1) the first time of recruiting Chinese workers was in January 1864, not the spring of 1865; (2) the Chinese workers participated in Blume's excavation and made outstanding contributions to this end; (3) at Cape Horn, the tools used by Chinese workers to dig the roadbed on the precipice are crude baskets of grass made of reeds; (4) in the course of railway construction, the total number of Chinese workers employed was between 14000-23000, instead of the 10000 or so currently thought; (5) in the course of railway construction, more than 1200 Chinese workers made the sacrifice of their lives, instead of saying that 50 people were believed in the United States, and no more than 100 people at most. The third part is the summary and evaluation part. Seven years after the completion of the railway, Congress organized a joint committee to investigate the extent and impact of the arrival of Chinese Americans in the United States. Stanford, then governor of California and chairman of the Central Pacific Railway Corporation, Crocker, one of the big four, and Stoubridge, director of railway engineering, gave high marks to Chinese railway workers. Contrary to the affirmation of Chinese workers, Chinese workers are treated unfairly in the United States. The racism in America and the economic recession at that time, the historical background of labor surplus directly led to the large-scale exclusion of China in the United States, and some defects of Chinese workers in the early days of the United States also became the excuse for the exclusion of China in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712;D634.3
本文編號(hào)：2337415
[Abstract]:The history of Chinese construction in the Central Pacific Railway is a microcosm of the early Chinese history in the United States. This article regards the Chinese workers in the construction of the Central Pacific Railway as the starting point, while restoring this period of history, so that more people, including the people of China and the United States, can understand and remember the contributions and sacrifices made by Chinese workers in the course of railway construction in those years. From the perspective of the situation of Chinese workers in railway construction, this paper analyzes the hidden reasons and conditions behind the exclusion of Chinese, thus providing historical reference for the development of Chinese in the United States and the trend of Sino-American relations. The article is divided into three parts and seven chapters. The first part includes the first and second chapters, which summarizes the Central Pacific Railway and the early Chinese workers in the United States. The second part includes the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth chapters. It discusses the process of recruiting Chinese workers for the first time, the number of Chinese workers in the railway, the distribution of jobs, the income and expenditure, and the challenges of the Chinese workers digging in Blume and Cape Horn. The outstanding contributions of the 15 tunnels and the miracle of ten miles a day, the analysis of the casualties of Chinese workers in the construction of the Pacific Railway, and the way to go after the completion of the project. It recreates the true state of work and life of Chinese workers on the Central Pacific Railway during 1864-1869. According to a large number of historical data, the author corrects some conclusions of the academic circles at present: (1) the first time of recruiting Chinese workers was in January 1864, not the spring of 1865; (2) the Chinese workers participated in Blume's excavation and made outstanding contributions to this end; (3) at Cape Horn, the tools used by Chinese workers to dig the roadbed on the precipice are crude baskets of grass made of reeds; (4) in the course of railway construction, the total number of Chinese workers employed was between 14000-23000, instead of the 10000 or so currently thought; (5) in the course of railway construction, more than 1200 Chinese workers made the sacrifice of their lives, instead of saying that 50 people were believed in the United States, and no more than 100 people at most. The third part is the summary and evaluation part. Seven years after the completion of the railway, Congress organized a joint committee to investigate the extent and impact of the arrival of Chinese Americans in the United States. Stanford, then governor of California and chairman of the Central Pacific Railway Corporation, Crocker, one of the big four, and Stoubridge, director of railway engineering, gave high marks to Chinese railway workers. Contrary to the affirmation of Chinese workers, Chinese workers are treated unfairly in the United States. The racism in America and the economic recession at that time, the historical background of labor surplus directly led to the large-scale exclusion of China in the United States, and some defects of Chinese workers in the early days of the United States also became the excuse for the exclusion of China in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K712;D634.3
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