【摘要】：農(nóng)民作為傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的主體,生產(chǎn)力的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造者,其生活狀況直接體現(xiàn)著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的水平,物質(zhì)和精神文明的發(fā)展程度。本文旨在從經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)層面對(duì)中世紀(jì)中后期歐洲農(nóng)民向城市集中的這一“非農(nóng)化”現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析。文章采用歷史的眼光來解讀城市化,企求深入地認(rèn)識(shí)歐洲社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型和發(fā)展軌跡。所以,本文并未完全遵循“城市化”這一概念,而是按歷史演進(jìn)的順序?qū)⑽恼路譃槿髩K：城市化的動(dòng)因、城市化的現(xiàn)象和城市化的影響。 中后期的歐洲中世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)方方面面都在孕育著變化：封建王權(quán)正在穩(wěn)步的集中,而城市一時(shí)間是作為國王盟友的地位出現(xiàn)；西歐封建法律制度也在完善,保護(hù)出逃農(nóng)奴的法令時(shí)興；而農(nóng)民自己也不甘示弱,并且從靈魂深處產(chǎn)生了一種獨(dú)立自我的認(rèn)知。經(jīng)濟(jì)上,生產(chǎn)能力提高農(nóng)民收入增加,一時(shí)間人口大幅增長；城市本身的發(fā)展和城市商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的活躍又帶動(dòng)了整個(gè)社會(huì)的變革。 于是,一部分莊園人口或者為了謀生或者為了發(fā)展,他們最終選擇了出走。他們出走的目的之所以會(huì)不同,是因?yàn)樗麄冎暗纳鏍顩r存在差異,部分農(nóng)民因?yàn)榉甘隆浩冗^重、耕地太少等原因不得已出走,更確切地說是出逃。但同樣也有另一批因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)的發(fā)展,積蓄越來越多,但考慮到自身的發(fā)展前景和現(xiàn)實(shí)地位,最終決定贖身進(jìn)城,這便是所謂的“有價(jià)的自由”。當(dāng)然還有通過入學(xué)、城市地域擴(kuò)展等方式獲得城市居民資格。 最終這些農(nóng)民完成了這一城市化過程,成為城市繼續(xù)發(fā)展的新動(dòng)力,成為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的大變革推動(dòng)者。但是在城市體制尚不健全的情況下,大量涌入的人口也給正在發(fā)展中的城市帶來壓力,城市的治安和環(huán)境也都存在不少問題。
[Abstract]:As the main body of traditional society and the main creator of productive forces, farmers' living conditions directly reflect the level of social and economic development, the development of material and spiritual civilization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the "non-agricultural" phenomenon of the concentration of European farmers into cities in the middle and late Middle Ages from the economic and social aspects. This paper tries to understand the transformation and development of European society from the perspective of history. Therefore, this article does not follow the concept of "urbanization" completely, but divides the article into three parts according to the order of historical evolution: the motivation of urbanization, the phenomenon of urbanization and the influence of urbanization. In the middle and late Middle Ages of Europe, all aspects of the economy and society were pregnant with changes: the feudal Wang Quan was steadily concentrating, while the city appeared as a king's ally for a time, and the feudal legal system in Western Europe was also improving. Laws to protect runaway serfs are in vogue, and the peasants themselves are unyielding and have a sense of their own from the depths of their souls. In economy, the production capacity increases the farmers' income, and the population increases dramatically in a short period of time, and the development of the city itself and the active of the city's commodity economy bring about the transformation of the whole society. As a result, part of the manor population, either to earn a living or to develop, they eventually chose to run away. The purpose of their leaving is different because their living conditions are different, some peasants have to run away because of crime, oppression, too little arable land and so on. But there is also another group of savings because of the development of production, but in view of their development prospects and realistic status, they finally decided to redeem themselves into the city, this is the so-called "valuable freedom." There are, of course, access to school, urban expansion and other ways to obtain urban resident qualifications. Finally, these farmers completed the urbanization process and became the new motive force of the city's continued development and the driving force of great economic and social change. However, under the condition that the urban system is not perfect, the mass influx of population also brings pressure to the developing city, and there are many problems in the city's security and environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K56

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本文編號(hào)：2215363