【摘要】：新選組誕生于幕末這一特殊的歷史時期,其組織自身的發(fā)展以整個幕末時代為軸,反映了幕末這一歷史時期的復(fù)雜性。首先,新選組作為重要的戰(zhàn)斗力,一直處于與尊攘浪士斗爭的最前線,對時勢的變化產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。其次,在收集情報、搜查、籌措資金等特殊任務(wù)上,新選組也發(fā)揮了很大的作用。另一方面,新選組本身在幕末這一復(fù)雜的時期當(dāng)中,呈現(xiàn)了自己的特色。他們的特殊性表現(xiàn)在,在主張攘夷這方面,他們與尊攘志士是相同的,但是在主張攘夷的同時新選組支持幕府的統(tǒng)治。這一點使得新選組成為了幕末的一個特殊的集團代表。本稿參考諸先行研究,將新選組這一組織的歷史分為了三個歷史時段,即：浪士組時期、京都時期的新選組以及戊辰戰(zhàn)爭時期的新選組。本稿將時間限定在新選組的浪士組時期及京都時期這兩個階段。在新選組歷史上有三個人物：清河八郎、芹澤鴨、伊東甲子太郎,他們?nèi)舜俪闪诵逻x組歷史上的三個重大的轉(zhuǎn)折期。此三人皆為尊王攘夷派,他們分別在怎樣的情況下與新選組相關(guān)聯(lián),又因為何種原因與作為新選組主力的近藤一派分道揚鑣是十分值得深思的。本稿將清河八郎、芹澤鴨、伊東甲子太郎這三個人物與新選組相關(guān)聯(lián)的三個時期作為三個轉(zhuǎn)折點,通過分析近藤與這三個人物思想認(rèn)識的不同,來說明新選組一步步走向完全佐幕路線的歷史過程。第一章,主要著眼于新選組的草創(chuàng)期即浪士組時期,分析了清河八郎與近藤勇認(rèn)識的不同之處。浪士募集提案的提出者是清河八郎。清河八郎以攘夷為優(yōu)先目標(biāo),屬于偏激的攘夷派人士,這根源于清河早期受到的教育,也與清河早年的攘夷活動有關(guān),這一點在先行研究中很少有人提到。清河八郎與近藤勇之間的分歧在于對攘夷的具體認(rèn)識上有所不同。清河八郎主張將軍東下,認(rèn)為應(yīng)該在關(guān)東地區(qū)實行攘夷大計。與此相對,近藤希望將軍留在京都,主張在大阪灣迎擊夷狄。近藤的攘夷主張是以幕府的主導(dǎo)為中心的,他把幕府和朝廷的合作作為優(yōu)先事項。另一方面,清河懷有過激的攘夷思想,以此為出發(fā)點,清河直接的敵對對象為夷狄。而對近藤一方來說,鏟除擾亂京都治安的“奸人”則更為緊急。圍繞攘夷,清河與近藤之間有著巨大的差異,雙方的分裂也可以說是不可避免的。與以清河為首的所謂歸還組的分裂也意味著近藤一派與過激的尊王攘夷派的訣別。以此為起點,近藤派隸屬會津藩麾下,開始作為幕府一方活動。在第二章中,首先將以往研究中沒有提及的會津藩的影響列入考察范圍內(nèi)。會津藩對于新選組的影響,首先在于公武合體的立場。其次,在會津藩的指示之下,新選組的活動開始一步步向現(xiàn)實路線轉(zhuǎn)化。在此背景之下,芹澤鴨與近藤勇之間的差異開始漸漸明朗化。芹澤鴨原本是水戶藩出身的天狗黨的一員。首先,可以確定的是芹澤鴨具有很強的尊王攘夷意識。其次,芹澤鴨曾親身參加了天狗黨的一些過激的尊攘活動,因此,他在行動上有一些天狗黨特有的過激傾向。與尊攘思想的發(fā)源地水戶藩出身的芹澤鴨不同,近藤勇等出身于親幕府的多摩地區(qū)。多摩地區(qū)的特殊性表現(xiàn)在與江戶的一體觀之上。多摩地區(qū)形成的富農(nóng)階層的聯(lián)絡(luò)網(wǎng)對近藤等產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。多摩富農(nóng)層共同的特點即是親幕府的態(tài)度。在芹澤派與近藤派的斗爭中,現(xiàn)實層面的權(quán)力斗爭的要素十分明顯,但根本的原因還在于兩派立場的不同。芹澤派被肅清之后,新選組的全權(quán)完全歸于近藤之手,這意味著新選組內(nèi)部異份子肅清的完成,從此以近藤為首的親幕府的組織體制得以確立。在第三章中,對伊東甲子太郎的加入以及離隊的過程進行了考察,從而探明了伊東派與近藤派沖突的始末。首先,先對芹澤暗殺事件之后伊東入隊之前這一段時間內(nèi)近藤對于攘夷的認(rèn)識的變化進行了分析。這之后,伊東正式加入新選組。關(guān)于伊東的入隊契機,現(xiàn)實方面和思想方面均有原因,但決定要素還是在于雙方所持的立場。近藤對天皇抱持敬意是無可置疑的。同時,伊東一派雖說是勤王黨但是在當(dāng)時沒有倒幕的打算。然而隨著時勢的發(fā)展,雙方本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別并未消除,反而漸漸趨于明顯。近藤派更加傾向于幕府,與長州的敵對逐漸成為其中心任務(wù)。與之相對,伊東一派則秘密接近長州人士并意圖參加勤王運動。慶應(yīng)三年,伊東帶領(lǐng)同志一起從新選組脫隊,結(jié)成御陵衛(wèi)士。伊東派與近藤派根本的區(qū)別還是在于勤皇與佐幕之間。伊東的一切論述當(dāng)中處于中心地位的是主權(quán)歸朝廷所有這一項。而近藤行動的前提則在于幕府的主導(dǎo)。另一方面,在對待長州的態(tài)度上雙方有著決定性的不同。伊東主張對長的寬大處理,而近藤則極力主張長州征伐。伊東派離開新選組之后作為御陵衛(wèi)士進一步展開了勤王活動。與此相對,新選組則被破格升為幕臣,從親幕府完全轉(zhuǎn)化為了幕府的一部分。伊東進一步的勤王活動的展開與新選組的幕臣化以極端明確的方式表現(xiàn)了雙方所選道路的不同。近藤勇一眾從清河八郎一方中分離而出,加入會津藩的指揮之下,開始作為幕府一方行動。之后,隨著芹澤鴨一派被肅清,新選組內(nèi)部的立場得到了統(tǒng)一。最后,與伊東派的分離,進一步確立了新選組佐幕的路線。隨之而來的新選組的幕臣化,更是確立了新選組作為幕府一部分的地位,同時也意味著新選組佐幕歷史的徹底完成。在新選組佐幕的整個過程中,筆者認(rèn)為近藤的思想起到了根本性的指揮作用。首先,最值得重視的一點是近藤主張公武合體的立場。近藤一切認(rèn)識的根源在于他以幕府為中心的主張。近藤的這一認(rèn)識決定了新選組前進的方向。另外,近藤思想的變化對于新選組來說也具有重大的意義。近藤思想的變化主要是指他對于攘夷認(rèn)識的變化。隨著時勢的發(fā)展,近藤逐漸由支持攘夷變?yōu)榱溯^為開明的思想。放棄了攘夷的目標(biāo)之后,新選組致力于加強勢力,開始招募新隊員,并且強化了組織的機能。可以說,近藤的思想影響了新選組的路線,而新選組的一系列活動又直接影響了時勢的變化。首先,在一開始時,近藤派選擇了與尊攘勢力的對立的道路,從而加強了幕府的勢力。這之后,新選組內(nèi)部的肅清則是達(dá)到了鏟除威脅幕府統(tǒng)治勢力的效果。接下來,新選組放棄了攘夷,進一步投身于與尊攘勢力的斗爭中,更是達(dá)到了強化幕府戰(zhàn)斗力的效果。就這樣,新選組的活動,對幕末的時勢變化有著很大的影響。筆者認(rèn)為,想要認(rèn)識新選組這一組織,分析其究竟如何貫徹了佐幕的路線是十分必須的。這其中,對指導(dǎo)者近藤的思想認(rèn)識的分析則是問題的關(guān)鍵所在。
[Abstract]:The newly elected group was born in the special historical period of the end of the curtain, and its organization's development was on the axis of the whole end of the curtain, reflecting the complexity of the historical period at the end of the curtain. On the other hand, the new group itself shows its own characteristics during the complicated period of the end of the scene. Their particularity is that they are the same as the respectable people in advocating the banishment of Yi, but in advocating the banishment of Yi at the same time, they also choose new branches. This draft refers to previous studies and divides the history of the newly elected group into three historical periods, namely, the period of the Longshi Group, the period of Kyoto and the period of the Wuchen War. There are three characters in the history of the new group: Balang Qinghe, Qianze Duck, and Tailang Yidong. The three of them contributed to the three major turning points in the history of the new group. This paper takes the three periods of the three characters, Balang Qinghe, Kumzawa Duck and Taro Yidong, as three turning points, which are related to the new group. Through the analysis of the differences between Kondo and the three characters, it illustrates that the new group is moving towards perfection step by step. Chapter One, focusing on the initial stage of the new group, the Longshi Group, analyzes the differences between Balang Tsinghe and Kondo Kondo. In contrast, Kondo wanted the general to stay in Kyoto, and Kondo wanted him to stay in the capital. In Osaka Bay, Zhang's view of banishing Yidi Kondo was centered on the leadership of the shogunate. He made cooperation between the shogunate and the imperial court a priority. On the other hand, Qing He Huai had a radical idea of banishing Yidi, which served as a starting point for Qing He's direct enemy. On the Kondo side, he eliminated the "adulterers" who disturbed Kyoto's security. The split with the so-called restitution group headed by the Qinghe River also meant the separation of the Kondo faction from the radical King Respecting the Yi faction. From this point of departure, the Kondo faction was subordinate to the Kuizumi and began to live as part of the shogunate. In the second chapter, firstly, the influence of Hui Jinfan, which was not mentioned in the previous study, is included in the scope of investigation. The influence of Hui Jinfan on the new group lies first in the position of the combination of public and military forces. First of all, it is certain that the duck has a strong sense of respect for the king. Second, the duck has personally participated in some of the celestial dog party's excessive activities, so he has some of the celestial dog party's unique extreme tendencies in action. The particularity of the Domo area is reflected in the view of integration with Edo. The network of rich peasants in the Domo area has a great influence on Kondo and others. The common feature of the Domo rich peasants is the state of being close to the shogunate. Du. In the struggle between the Qinze and Kondo factions, the real power struggle is very obvious, but the fundamental reason lies in the different positions of the two factions. In the third chapter, the author inspects the process of Taro Ito's joining and leaving the army, and then finds out the beginning and the end of the conflict between the Ito and Kondo factions. There are both practical and ideological reasons for Edom's entry, but the decisive factor lies in the positions of both sides. Kondo's respect for the emperor is beyond doubt. At the same time, the Edom faction, though hardworking, had no intention of falling back. However, with the development of the situation, the nature of the two sides was unchanged. In contrast, the Ito faction secretly approached the Changzhou people and intended to participate in the King of Qin movement. In the third year of Qingying, Ito led his comrades out of the new group and formed a guard of the imperial mausoleum. The fundamental difference between the Fujiku school and the Samurai school lies in the diligence between the Emperor and the Samurai. Ito's central position in all his arguments is that sovereignty belongs to the court. The premise of Kondo's action is that the shogunate is in charge. On the other hand, there are decisive differences in the attitude towards Changzhou. Ito advocates lenient treatment of the long term, while the near term. In contrast, the newly elected group was upgraded from pro-shogunate to a full part of the shogunate. The further activities of the new shogunate and the shogunate formation of the new group were manifested in an extremely clear manner. Kondo separated from the Balang side of the Qinghe River and joined Ozumiya to act as the shogunate side. Later, with the elimination of the Kumzawa Yak faction, the internal position of the new group was unified. Finally, the separation from the Edong faction further established the route of the new group. In the whole process of the new selection, the author thinks that Kondo's thought has played a fundamental role in directing. First of all, the most important point is that Kondo advocates the combination of public and military forces. Kondo's view is rooted in his idea that the shogunate is the center of all his knowledge. Kondo's understanding determines the direction of the new group. In addition, the change of Kondo's thinking is of great significance to the new group. The change of Kondo's thinking mainly refers to the change of his understanding of the barbarians. With the development of the times, Kondo's understanding of the barbarians has changed. After abandoning the goal of abandoning Japan, the new selection team devoted itself to strengthening its forces, recruiting new players, and strengthening the organization's functions. Initially, the Kondo faction chose the opposite path to the power of the shogunate, thus strengthening the shogunate's influence. After that, the internal purge of the new group achieved the effect of eradicating the forces threatening the shogunate's rule. In this way, the activities of the new group have a great impact on the change of the situation at the end of the curtain. The author believes that it is very necessary to understand the new group and analyze how it implements the line of Samurai. Among them, the analysis of the mentor Kondo's thought is the key to the problem.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K313.36
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本文編號：2200682