【摘要】：斯圖亞特早期是英國歷史上社會腐敗現(xiàn)象較為突出的時期,而腐敗現(xiàn)象又主要體現(xiàn)在社會政治領(lǐng)域、經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域和海軍的經(jīng)營過程中。 在社會政治領(lǐng)域中,上層貴族和官員擁有對官職和爵位的提名權(quán),從而導(dǎo)致了上層貴族和官員因增設(shè)爵位、任命官員而收受賄賂、結(jié)黨營私等腐敗行為;中下層官員在征收中央和地方的稅費的過程中的挪用、貪污行為,地方司法過程中的亂收費和司法不公的行為等,在這一方面,尤以當(dāng)時英國地方政府最有影響的治安法官為甚。 在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,王室政府大量地出售包稅權(quán)以及專利和專營壟斷權(quán),其中最為關(guān)鍵的是這些權(quán)力大都是由大貴族和高級官員所控制,通過拍賣、招標(biāo)、出售和轉(zhuǎn)讓等方式,最終到達(dá)相應(yīng)的經(jīng)營實體的手中。在這一過程中,出現(xiàn)了大貴族和高級官員或直接轉(zhuǎn)賣,或受賄和變相受賄,或敲詐勒索等腐敗行徑。 在經(jīng)營海軍的過程中,腐敗現(xiàn)象極為普遍。海軍大臣及下屬官員可以說是肆無忌憚,其行為表現(xiàn)為以下各方面:軍備物質(zhì)的采買過程中的收受回扣或在自己或親屬的公司中采買并以次充好;虛報官兵數(shù)目及日常開支;私分戰(zhàn)利品;勾結(jié)、保護(hù)走私;收取航線保護(hù)費等。 本文的重點是探討早期斯圖亞特王朝貴族官員腐敗的原因,從五個方面予以闡述: 一 發(fā)展的不平衡和沖突的加劇 早期近代英國社會轉(zhuǎn)型時期,特別是從都鐸晚期到斯圖亞特早期,其社會發(fā)展變化顯著,筆者認(rèn)為,其變化的基本特點是:發(fā)展的不平衡和沖突的加劇。 政治上,自都鐸王朝起,英國的政治活動主要以王權(quán)和議會為中心,一方面,王權(quán)一再擴(kuò)充,另一方面,議會兩院尤其是下院也在不斷地爭取自身的權(quán)利。王權(quán)和議會權(quán)力的雙向發(fā)展,必然引起雙方的沖突,使得英國這一時期的政治斗爭始終圍繞著王權(quán)和議會而進(jìn)行。到早期斯圖亞特,拋開議會實行個人統(tǒng)治的行為突破了由都鐸王朝的君主們和議會共同逐漸創(chuàng)立的政治框架,加上從亨利八世起開始建立的以國王個人為中心的行政機構(gòu)的擴(kuò)展,使得由議會和國王相互制約的英國政治權(quán)力的重心向王權(quán)傾斜,由此,都鐸初期起開始建立的個人庇護(hù)制成為了這一時期行政制度的主體,并產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重的后果。 經(jīng)濟(jì)方面。物價的上揚、城市的興起、商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展為這一時期顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特點,但是,由于王室傳統(tǒng)的財政收入不能滿足因物價上漲、戰(zhàn)爭和行政支出的增加所引起的巨額的財政支出,因此,王室掠取非傳統(tǒng)的財政資源來彌補財政的不足成為必然。王室隨意獲取、侵占公共領(lǐng)域財富的政策和行為無疑與當(dāng)時經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的要求不相適應(yīng)。盡管,近代政府需要公共財政的支撐,由于早期斯
[Abstract]:Stuart's early period was a prominent period of social corruption in British history, which was mainly reflected in the field of social politics, economy and the management of the navy. In the field of social politics, the upper aristocrats and officials have the right to nominate the official posts and titles, which leads to the corrupt behavior of the upper nobles and officials because of the addition of titles, the appointment of officials and bribery, and so on. The misappropriation, embezzlement, arbitrary collection of fees and charges and unfair acts of justice by officials of the middle and lower levels in the course of collecting taxes and fees from the central and local governments, etc., in this respect, This was especially true of the most influential magistrates of the then British local government. In the economic sphere, the royal government sells a large number of tax rights, patents and monopolies, the most crucial of which is that most of these powers are controlled by great nobles and senior officials, through auctions, tenders, sales and transfers, etc. Finally to the appropriate operational entities in the hands of. In this process, corrupt practices such as direct resale, bribery and disguised bribery, or extortion have occurred. In the course of running the navy, corruption was widespread. The Secretary of the Navy and his subordinates may be said to be unscrupulous in their behaviour in the following aspects: receiving kickbacks during the procurement of armaments or buying them in their own or relatives' companies; making false statements of the number of officers and soldiers and their daily expenses; Private distribution of spoils; collusion to protect smuggling; collection of route protection fees. The focus of this paper is to explore the causes of corruption of aristocratic officials in the early Stuart dynasty. The first is the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. In the early modern period of British social transformation, Especially from the later period of Tudor to the early period of Stuart, its social development changed significantly. The author thinks that the basic characteristics of the change are: the imbalance of development and the aggravation of conflict. Politically, since the Tudor dynasty, Britain's political activities mainly centered on the royal power and parliament. On the one hand, Wang Quan expanded repeatedly, on the other hand, both houses of parliament, especially the House of Commons, were constantly fighting for their own rights. The bidirectional development of royal power and parliamentary power inevitably leads to conflict between the two sides, which makes the political struggle in this period always revolve around the royal power and parliament. In the early days of Stuart, the practice of putting aside parliament for personal rule broke through the political framework that was gradually created by the Tudor monarchs and the parliament. Coupled with the expansion of the King's personal administration, which was established from Henry VIII, the focus of British political power, which was restricted by Parliament and the King, was skewed towards Wang Quan, The individual asylum that Tudor began to establish in the early days of Tudor was made into the subject of the administrative system of this period and had serious consequences. Economic aspects The rise of prices, the rise of cities, and the development of the commodity economy characterized the development of the economy in this period. However, because the traditional revenue of the royal family could not satisfy the rising prices, The increase of war and administrative expenditure caused a huge amount of financial expenditure, so it is inevitable for the royal family to take away non-traditional financial resources to make up for the lack of finance. The policy and behavior of the royal family to acquire and occupy the wealth of the public domain is no doubt incompatible with the demands of the economic development at that time. Although, the modern government needs the support of public finance, because of the early Sri Lanka
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號】：K561.33

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 宋偉杰;莎士比亞戲劇與貴族文化元素[D];山東師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號：2200123