本文選題：阿拉伯民族 + 阿拉伯民族主義　； 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 阿拉伯民族主義是在近代阿拉伯民族覺醒的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的、旨在爭取生存、平等、獨立、統(tǒng)一、發(fā)展等一系列民族權(quán)益的一種社會政治思潮和實踐；它的出現(xiàn)是東西方文明碰撞、交流的結(jié)果，是西方民族主義思想與東方阿拉伯傳統(tǒng)素材(如種族、語言、文學(xué)、傳統(tǒng)、地域等)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，具有明顯的復(fù)合性特征。相對于西方而言，阿拉伯民族主義屬于東方民族主義的范疇，帶有明顯的“防衛(wèi)性”；阿拉伯民族主義一詞雖然具有連貫性，但是其意義和內(nèi)涵卻是隨著社會和社會關(guān)系的變化而變化，這些變化涉及意識形態(tài)、經(jīng)濟、宗教和社會等層面。本質(zhì)上講，阿拉伯民族主義或泛阿拉伯主義是新形勢下，阿拉伯民族對未來探索的一條道路，是阿拉伯民族借以維護民族權(quán)益、發(fā)展自身的一種理論和實踐工具。阿拉伯民族主義者強調(diào)阿拉伯人是一個民族共同體，，渴望建立一個統(tǒng)一獨立的阿拉伯國家，以實現(xiàn)新時期阿拉伯民族的偉大復(fù)興。 早期阿拉伯民族主義思想和運動的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了兩個階段，分別是民族覺醒和“王政時期”(該時段泛阿拉伯運動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者為傳統(tǒng)社會上層人士，故此命名)，時間跨度為1798年到20世紀(jì)50年代。在民族覺醒時期，阿拉伯民族主義經(jīng)歷了文化復(fù)興的孕育階段，最終邁出了走向政治訴求的一步。這一過程中，阿拉伯基督教徒起了先導(dǎo)作用，率先提出一種世俗的民族主義思想，并引領(lǐng)了19世紀(jì)阿拉伯世界局部地區(qū)的民族運動；而穆斯林阿拉伯人在19世紀(jì)末從伊斯蘭現(xiàn)代主義和改革主義思想中分離出一種阿拉伯民族主義思想，最終兩條線在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕實現(xiàn)合流，且穆斯林阿拉伯民族主義者逐漸獲得了阿拉伯民族運動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)。但是，當(dāng)時奧斯曼主義依舊是大多數(shù)阿拉伯民族主義者難以割舍的情懷，導(dǎo)致了民族斗爭目標(biāo)的不徹底性——以改革的方式在奧斯曼帝國的框架內(nèi)實現(xiàn)民族自治。然而，1908年革命后執(zhí)政的新土耳其黨推行的中央集權(quán)和土耳其化的政策破滅了阿拉伯民族主義者的幻想，使后者轉(zhuǎn)向武裝斗爭、謀求民族獨立的一面。最終，在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中爆發(fā)了阿拉伯大起義。但是，由于西方國家的背信棄義和阿拉伯自身的原因，大起義失敗了，統(tǒng)一的阿拉伯國家并沒有建立起來，但卻陸續(xù)產(chǎn)生了一批新型的政治實體，其中一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人繼續(xù)推動阿拉伯民族主義運動的發(fā)展。 阿拉伯民族主義運動迎來了第二個階段——“王政時期”。在這一時期，阿拉伯民族主義理論逐步完善，并出現(xiàn)了薩提·胡斯里和密切爾·阿弗拉克等民族主義理論的集大成者。在政治實踐中，伊拉克的費薩爾國王、外約旦的埃米爾阿卜杜拉、伊拉克的重臣努里·賽義德以及埃及政府先后投入到泛阿拉伯民族運動的洪流中，特別是埃及后來居上，在其積極奔走下，最終促成了阿拉伯國家聯(lián)盟的建立，而組織松散的阿盟的成立也宣告了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的失落。其間，值得關(guān)注的是巴勒斯坦問題日益突出，并最終上升為泛阿拉伯民族主義運動的另一面旗幟。但是，眾阿拉伯國家最終也未能阻止猶太復(fù)國主義的建國計劃，而巴勒斯坦戰(zhàn)爭的失敗更是將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)阿拉伯民族運動的“貴族”推上了絕境，新興崛起的中下層政治力量成為了他們的掘墓人，“王政時期”的泛阿拉伯運動宣告終結(jié)。 早期阿拉伯民族主義運動的特征是：第一，從起源上看，阿拉伯民族主義是東西方文明交流的產(chǎn)物，在不同的階段呈現(xiàn)出不同的時代烙��；第二、從思想特征和政治實踐上看，阿拉伯民族主義屬于文化民族主義的類型；第三，“阿拉伯民族”的概念經(jīng)歷了一個逐漸變化且不斷擴大的過程，它最初僅包括阿拉伯東方，20世紀(jì)30年代以后阿拉伯西方才逐漸融入其間；第四、在早期的阿拉伯民族主義運動中，傳統(tǒng)的社會上層政治力量居于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位；第五，在早期阿拉伯民族主義運動的兩個階段(民族覺醒和“王政時期”)中，斗爭的目標(biāo)、方式和敵人各有側(cè)重；第六，早期的阿拉伯民族主義運動在阿拉伯各地區(qū)呈不均衡的發(fā)展態(tài)勢；第七，在早期阿拉伯民族主義運動中，阿拉伯民族主義者的隊伍派別紛雜，始終沒有形成一支統(tǒng)一的力量；第八，阿拉伯民族主義與伊斯蘭教、國家民族主義和教派主義之間存在著復(fù)雜關(guān)系；第九，在阿拉伯民族主義的綱領(lǐng)中，非政治領(lǐng)域的合作與統(tǒng)一思想后來居上，其中經(jīng)濟和文化領(lǐng)域的合作尤為突出；第十，整體上看，阿拉伯民族主義的發(fā)展并非一帆風(fēng)順，受到諸多歷史和現(xiàn)實中形成的阻礙因素的困擾，從而決定了其在逆境中求發(fā)展的總路線，且一些先天不足的因子為其日后的挫折埋下了隱患。 早期阿拉伯民族主義運動的歷史意義：第一，民族主義在阿拉伯世界的興起開辟了一條有別于傳統(tǒng)的民族發(fā)展新路；第二，新型國家構(gòu)建理念使阿拉伯人逐漸走出宗教／帝國范式，融入近代以來世界范圍內(nèi)的民族國家構(gòu)建洪流；第三，民族主義的崛起喚醒和改造了阿拉伯人塵封已久的民族自我意識，使其適應(yīng)新時期民族發(fā)展的需求；第四，民族主義思想在新的時代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特別是“王政時期”的泛阿拉伯主義運動雖然看起來顯得那么稚嫩，但卻奠定了阿拉伯世界的發(fā)展軌跡：在民族目標(biāo)上，謀求民族獨立或自由成為全民族各階層的首要共識；在民族統(tǒng)一的問題上，獨立的民族國家間的全面合作逐漸取代政治上的統(tǒng)一；在泛阿拉伯主義的另一面旗幟——巴勒斯坦問題上，巴勒斯坦戰(zhàn)爭預(yù)示著武力解決方案的失敗，承認(rèn)以色列、通過和平談判的方式解決這一問題成為唯一的選擇。第六，阿拉伯民族主義運動在某種程度上支援、鼓勵和配合了世界上其他被壓迫民族的解放斗爭。 早期泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的失落是內(nèi)外因共同作用的結(jié)果。盤踞在阿拉伯世界的外來勢力破壞了阿拉伯世界地理、社會、經(jīng)濟、文化和精神上的統(tǒng)一，割裂了阿拉伯世界各地區(qū)之間的聯(lián)系，阻礙了阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的發(fā)展，這可視之為外因，但是深層次的原因還要從阿拉伯內(nèi)部找尋。內(nèi)因包括：阿拉伯世界的政治結(jié)構(gòu)和王朝間的利益紛爭削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的群眾基礎(chǔ)和民族基礎(chǔ)；在局部地區(qū)，宗教少數(shù)派及其宗派主義思想不斷地否定和破壞阿拉伯民族主義運動及其前提——對祖國的忠誠；阿拉伯世界中一些非阿拉伯民族的獨立訴求挑戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的統(tǒng)一；地區(qū)民族主義和伊斯蘭主義阻礙了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的開展；孱弱的國家主權(quán)限制了阿拉伯國家在民族事務(wù)上的能動性，而多樣的政治體制則削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一的政治建構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)；阿拉伯各地區(qū)或國家間經(jīng)濟、文化和社會發(fā)展的不平衡以及整體上的滯后削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運動的經(jīng)濟、文化和社會基礎(chǔ)，等等。需要指出的是，眾內(nèi)因與外因之間、各內(nèi)因之間普遍存在一種相互“策進”或聯(lián)動作用，它們在破壞阿拉伯統(tǒng)一方面形成了合力。
[Abstract]:Arab nationalism is developed on the basis of the awakening of the Arab nation in modern times . It is a kind of social political thought and practice aimed at seeking survival , equality , independence , unity and development .
It is the result of clash and communication between western civilization and western civilization . It is the product of western nationalism thought and oriental Arabic traditional material ( such as race , language , literature , tradition , geography , etc . ) .
In essence , Arab nationalism or pan - Arab is a path for the Arab nation to explore a future . In essence , Arab nationalism or pan - Arab is a way to explore the future , and it is a theoretical and practical tool for the Arab nation to maintain national interests and develop itself . The Arab nationalist stresses that the Arabs are a national community and eager to establish a united and independent Arab nation to realize the great rejuvenation of the Arab nation in the new period .






During the period of awakening of the nation , Arab nationalism has experienced a stage of cultural renaissance and finally a step towards political appeal . In this process , Arab Christians have played a leading role in proposing a secular nationalist thought and leading the national movement in the regional parts of the Arab world in the 19th century .
In the late 19th century , the Muslim Arabs separated from the thought of Islam ' s modernism and reformism an Arab nationalist thought , and the final two lines came to confluence on the eve of the outbreak of the First World War , and the Muslim Arab nationalist gradually gained the leadership of the Arab national movement . However , the central and Turkish policies of the ruling New Turkish Party in 1908 have destroyed the Arab nationalist illusion , and the unity of Arab countries has not been established , but the unity of the Arab States has not been established , but the unity of the Arab States has not been established , but a new group of political entities has emerged , some of which continue to promote the development of the Arab nationalist movement .






The Arab nationalist movement ushered in the second stage of the " reign of the king " . During this period , the Arab nationalist theory has been perfected gradually , and there has been a great deal of nationalist theories such as Sarti Huasri and Al - Affleck . In political practice , the Arab League has finally failed to stop the establishment of the League of Arab States , while the failure of the Palestinian war has finally led to the collapse of the pan - Arab nationalist movement . However , the failure of the Palestinian war has finally led to the extinction of the " noble " of the Arab nationalist movement , and the emerging rising middle - and lower - level political power has become their grave digger , and the pan - Arab movement of the king ' s government has ended .






The early Arab nationalist movement is characterized by the first , from the origin , the Arab nationalism is the product of the exchange of the East and West civilizations , and presents different times in different stages ;
Secondly , from the ideological and political practice , the Arab nationalism belongs to the type of cultural nationalism ;
Thirdly , the concept of " Arab nation " has undergone a gradual and expanding process , which initially includes only the eastern Arab East , and the Arab West has gradually merged into it since the 1930s ;
Fourthly , in the early Arab nationalist movement , the traditional upper - level political power of the society is in the leadership position ;
Fifth , in the two stages of the early Arab nationalist movement ( the awakening of the nation and the " Wang Zheng period " ) , the goal , way and enemy of the struggle are focused on each other ;
Sixth , the early Arab nationalist movement has an uneven development situation in Arab regions ;
Seventh , in the early Arab nationalist movement , the Arab nationalist forces factions have not formed a unified strength ;
Eighth , there is a complex relationship between Arab nationalism and Islam , national nationalism and sectarianism ;
Ninth , in the framework of Arab nationalism , cooperation in the non - political arena and the harmonization of ideas followed , particularly in economic and cultural fields ;
The tenth , as a whole , the development of Arab nationalism is not smooth , has been beset by many historical and realistic obstacles , thus determining the general route for its development in the adversity , and some congenital deficiency factors have hidden trouble for its future setbacks .






The historical significance of the early Arab nationalist movement : First , nationalism opens up a new path to the traditional national development in the rise of the Arab world ;
Second , the new concept of state - building has led the Arabs to step out of the religious / imperial paradigm and into the construction of the flood flow from the national countries in the world since the modern times ;
Third , the rise of nationalism wake up and transform Arab ' s long - standing national self - awareness to meet the needs of the nation ' s development in the new period ;
Fourth , the idea of nationalism has remolded the Arab nation under the background of the new era ;
Fifth , although the pan - Arab movement in the early period , especially the " Wang Zheng period " , appeared to be so young , it laid the development track of the Arab world : on the national goal , the pursuit of national independence or freedom has become the primary consensus of all ethnic groups ;
On the issue of national unity , the comprehensive cooperation among the independent nations has gradually replaced political unity ;
On the other flag of pan - arabism _ the question of Palestine , the Palestinian war foresaw the failure of a solution to force and recognized Israel as the only option to resolve this issue through peaceful negotiations . Sixth , the Arab nationalist movement supported , encouraged and cooperated with the liberation struggle of other oppressed nations in the world .






The loss of the early pan - Arab unity movement was the result of a common role . The foreign forces entrenched in the Arab world undermined the geography , social , economic , cultural and spiritual unity of the Arab world , cut off the links between the Arab world and obstructed the development of the Arab unity movement , which could be seen as a foreign cause , but the deep reason also sought from the Arab interior . Internal causes include : the political structure of the Arab world and the interests of the dynasties weakened the mass foundation and national basis of the pan - Arab unity movement ;
In the local area , religious minority and sectarianism continuously deny and destroy Arab nationalist movement and its precondition _ loyalty to the motherland ;
The reunification of some non - Arab peoples in the Arab world with regard to the challenge of independence ;
Regional nationalism and Islamism have impeded the development of pan - Arab unity ;
The weak national sovereignty limits the initiative of Arab countries in national affairs , while the diverse political system weakens the political construction base of pan - Arab unity ;
The imbalance in the economic , cultural and social development of Arab regions or countries , as well as the lag in its entirety , weakened the economic , cultural and social basis of the pan - Arab unity movement , and so on . It was noted that there was a mutual " approach " or linkage between internal and external causes , which had formed a resultant force in undermining Arab unity .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K37

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 焦玉奎;冷戰(zhàn)后中東民族主義問題研究[D];西北大學(xué);2008年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 程小春;阿拉伯抗土建國運動研究（1914-1920）[D];南京大學(xué);2013年

本文編號：2106961