本文選題：阿拉伯民族 + 阿拉伯民族主義��； 參考：《西北大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 阿拉伯民族主義是在近代阿拉伯民族覺(jué)醒的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的、旨在爭(zhēng)取生存、平等、獨(dú)立、統(tǒng)一、發(fā)展等一系列民族權(quán)益的一種社會(huì)政治思潮和實(shí)踐；它的出現(xiàn)是東西方文明碰撞、交流的結(jié)果，是西方民族主義思想與東方阿拉伯傳統(tǒng)素材(如種族、語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、傳統(tǒng)、地域等)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，具有明顯的復(fù)合性特征。相對(duì)于西方而言，阿拉伯民族主義屬于東方民族主義的范疇，帶有明顯的“防衛(wèi)性”；阿拉伯民族主義一詞雖然具有連貫性，但是其意義和內(nèi)涵卻是隨著社會(huì)和社會(huì)關(guān)系的變化而變化，這些變化涉及意識(shí)形態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、宗教和社會(huì)等層面。本質(zhì)上講，阿拉伯民族主義或泛阿拉伯主義是新形勢(shì)下，阿拉伯民族對(duì)未來(lái)探索的一條道路，是阿拉伯民族借以維護(hù)民族權(quán)益、發(fā)展自身的一種理論和實(shí)踐工具。阿拉伯民族主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)阿拉伯人是一個(gè)民族共同體，，渴望建立一個(gè)統(tǒng)一獨(dú)立的阿拉伯國(guó)家，以實(shí)現(xiàn)新時(shí)期阿拉伯民族的偉大復(fù)興。 早期阿拉伯民族主義思想和運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)階段，分別是民族覺(jué)醒和“王政時(shí)期”(該時(shí)段泛阿拉伯運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者為傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)上層人士，故此命名)，時(shí)間跨度為1798年到20世紀(jì)50年代。在民族覺(jué)醒時(shí)期，阿拉伯民族主義經(jīng)歷了文化復(fù)興的孕育階段，最終邁出了走向政治訴求的一步。這一過(guò)程中，阿拉伯基督教徒起了先導(dǎo)作用，率先提出一種世俗的民族主義思想，并引領(lǐng)了19世紀(jì)阿拉伯世界局部地區(qū)的民族運(yùn)動(dòng)；而穆斯林阿拉伯人在19世紀(jì)末從伊斯蘭現(xiàn)代主義和改革主義思想中分離出一種阿拉伯民族主義思想，最終兩條線在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前夕實(shí)現(xiàn)合流，且穆斯林阿拉伯民族主義者逐漸獲得了阿拉伯民族運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)。但是，當(dāng)時(shí)奧斯曼主義依舊是大多數(shù)阿拉伯民族主義者難以割舍的情懷，導(dǎo)致了民族斗爭(zhēng)目標(biāo)的不徹底性——以改革的方式在奧斯曼帝國(guó)的框架內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)民族自治。然而，1908年革命后執(zhí)政的新土耳其黨推行的中央集權(quán)和土耳其化的政策破滅了阿拉伯民族主義者的幻想，使后者轉(zhuǎn)向武裝斗爭(zhēng)、謀求民族獨(dú)立的一面。最終，在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中爆發(fā)了阿拉伯大起義。但是，由于西方國(guó)家的背信棄義和阿拉伯自身的原因，大起義失敗了，統(tǒng)一的阿拉伯國(guó)家并沒(méi)有建立起來(lái)，但卻陸續(xù)產(chǎn)生了一批新型的政治實(shí)體，其中一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人繼續(xù)推動(dòng)阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展。 阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)迎來(lái)了第二個(gè)階段——“王政時(shí)期”。在這一時(shí)期，阿拉伯民族主義理論逐步完善，并出現(xiàn)了薩提·胡斯里和密切爾·阿弗拉克等民族主義理論的集大成者。在政治實(shí)踐中，伊拉克的費(fèi)薩爾國(guó)王、外約旦的埃米爾阿卜杜拉、伊拉克的重臣努里·賽義德以及埃及政府先后投入到泛阿拉伯民族運(yùn)動(dòng)的洪流中，特別是埃及后來(lái)居上，在其積極奔走下，最終促成了阿拉伯國(guó)家聯(lián)盟的建立，而組織松散的阿盟的成立也宣告了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的失落。其間，值得關(guān)注的是巴勒斯坦問(wèn)題日益突出，并最終上升為泛阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的另一面旗幟。但是，眾阿拉伯國(guó)家最終也未能阻止猶太復(fù)國(guó)主義的建國(guó)計(jì)劃，而巴勒斯坦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的失敗更是將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)阿拉伯民族運(yùn)動(dòng)的“貴族”推上了絕境，新興崛起的中下層政治力量成為了他們的掘墓人，“王政時(shí)期”的泛阿拉伯運(yùn)動(dòng)宣告終結(jié)。 早期阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的特征是：第一，從起源上看，阿拉伯民族主義是東西方文明交流的產(chǎn)物，在不同的階段呈現(xiàn)出不同的時(shí)代烙��；第二、從思想特征和政治實(shí)踐上看，阿拉伯民族主義屬于文化民族主義的類型；第三，“阿拉伯民族”的概念經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)逐漸變化且不斷擴(kuò)大的過(guò)程，它最初僅包括阿拉伯東方，20世紀(jì)30年代以后阿拉伯西方才逐漸融入其間；第四、在早期的阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中，傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)上層政治力量居于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位；第五，在早期阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的兩個(gè)階段(民族覺(jué)醒和“王政時(shí)期”)中，斗爭(zhēng)的目標(biāo)、方式和敵人各有側(cè)重；第六，早期的阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)在阿拉伯各地區(qū)呈不均衡的發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)；第七，在早期阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)中，阿拉伯民族主義者的隊(duì)伍派別紛雜，始終沒(méi)有形成一支統(tǒng)一的力量；第八，阿拉伯民族主義與伊斯蘭教、國(guó)家民族主義和教派主義之間存在著復(fù)雜關(guān)系；第九，在阿拉伯民族主義的綱領(lǐng)中，非政治領(lǐng)域的合作與統(tǒng)一思想后來(lái)居上，其中經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化領(lǐng)域的合作尤為突出；第十，整體上看，阿拉伯民族主義的發(fā)展并非一帆風(fēng)順，受到諸多歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)中形成的阻礙因素的困擾，從而決定了其在逆境中求發(fā)展的總路線，且一些先天不足的因子為其日后的挫折埋下了隱患。 早期阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的歷史意義：第一，民族主義在阿拉伯世界的興起開(kāi)辟了一條有別于傳統(tǒng)的民族發(fā)展新路；第二，新型國(guó)家構(gòu)建理念使阿拉伯人逐漸走出宗教／帝國(guó)范式，融入近代以來(lái)世界范圍內(nèi)的民族國(guó)家構(gòu)建洪流；第三，民族主義的崛起喚醒和改造了阿拉伯人塵封已久的民族自我意識(shí)，使其適應(yīng)新時(shí)期民族發(fā)展的需求；第四，民族主義思想在新的時(shí)代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特別是“王政時(shí)期”的泛阿拉伯主義運(yùn)動(dòng)雖然看起來(lái)顯得那么稚嫩，但卻奠定了阿拉伯世界的發(fā)展軌跡：在民族目標(biāo)上，謀求民族獨(dú)立或自由成為全民族各階層的首要共識(shí)；在民族統(tǒng)一的問(wèn)題上，獨(dú)立的民族國(guó)家間的全面合作逐漸取代政治上的統(tǒng)一；在泛阿拉伯主義的另一面旗幟——巴勒斯坦問(wèn)題上，巴勒斯坦戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)預(yù)示著武力解決方案的失敗，承認(rèn)以色列、通過(guò)和平談判的方式解決這一問(wèn)題成為唯一的選擇。第六，阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)在某種程度上支援、鼓勵(lì)和配合了世界上其他被壓迫民族的解放斗爭(zhēng)。 早期泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的失落是內(nèi)外因共同作用的結(jié)果。盤踞在阿拉伯世界的外來(lái)勢(shì)力破壞了阿拉伯世界地理、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和精神上的統(tǒng)一，割裂了阿拉伯世界各地區(qū)之間的聯(lián)系，阻礙了阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展，這可視之為外因，但是深層次的原因還要從阿拉伯內(nèi)部找尋。內(nèi)因包括：阿拉伯世界的政治結(jié)構(gòu)和王朝間的利益紛爭(zhēng)削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的群眾基礎(chǔ)和民族基礎(chǔ)；在局部地區(qū)，宗教少數(shù)派及其宗派主義思想不斷地否定和破壞阿拉伯民族主義運(yùn)動(dòng)及其前提——對(duì)祖國(guó)的忠誠(chéng)；阿拉伯世界中一些非阿拉伯民族的獨(dú)立訴求挑戰(zhàn)地區(qū)的統(tǒng)一；地區(qū)民族主義和伊斯蘭主義阻礙了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的開(kāi)展；孱弱的國(guó)家主權(quán)限制了阿拉伯國(guó)家在民族事務(wù)上的能動(dòng)性，而多樣的政治體制則削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一的政治建構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)；阿拉伯各地區(qū)或國(guó)家間經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)發(fā)展的不平衡以及整體上的滯后削弱了泛阿拉伯統(tǒng)一運(yùn)動(dòng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)，等等。需要指出的是，眾內(nèi)因與外因之間、各內(nèi)因之間普遍存在一種相互“策進(jìn)”或聯(lián)動(dòng)作用，它們?cè)谄茐陌⒗y(tǒng)一方面形成了合力。
[Abstract]:Arab nationalism is developed on the basis of the awakening of the Arab nation in modern times . It is a kind of social political thought and practice aimed at seeking survival , equality , independence , unity and development .
It is the result of clash and communication between western civilization and western civilization . It is the product of western nationalism thought and oriental Arabic traditional material ( such as race , language , literature , tradition , geography , etc . ) .
In essence , Arab nationalism or pan - Arab is a path for the Arab nation to explore a future . In essence , Arab nationalism or pan - Arab is a way to explore the future , and it is a theoretical and practical tool for the Arab nation to maintain national interests and develop itself . The Arab nationalist stresses that the Arabs are a national community and eager to establish a united and independent Arab nation to realize the great rejuvenation of the Arab nation in the new period .






During the period of awakening of the nation , Arab nationalism has experienced a stage of cultural renaissance and finally a step towards political appeal . In this process , Arab Christians have played a leading role in proposing a secular nationalist thought and leading the national movement in the regional parts of the Arab world in the 19th century .
In the late 19th century , the Muslim Arabs separated from the thought of Islam ' s modernism and reformism an Arab nationalist thought , and the final two lines came to confluence on the eve of the outbreak of the First World War , and the Muslim Arab nationalist gradually gained the leadership of the Arab national movement . However , the central and Turkish policies of the ruling New Turkish Party in 1908 have destroyed the Arab nationalist illusion , and the unity of Arab countries has not been established , but the unity of the Arab States has not been established , but the unity of the Arab States has not been established , but a new group of political entities has emerged , some of which continue to promote the development of the Arab nationalist movement .






The Arab nationalist movement ushered in the second stage of the " reign of the king " . During this period , the Arab nationalist theory has been perfected gradually , and there has been a great deal of nationalist theories such as Sarti Huasri and Al - Affleck . In political practice , the Arab League has finally failed to stop the establishment of the League of Arab States , while the failure of the Palestinian war has finally led to the collapse of the pan - Arab nationalist movement . However , the failure of the Palestinian war has finally led to the extinction of the " noble " of the Arab nationalist movement , and the emerging rising middle - and lower - level political power has become their grave digger , and the pan - Arab movement of the king ' s government has ended .






The early Arab nationalist movement is characterized by the first , from the origin , the Arab nationalism is the product of the exchange of the East and West civilizations , and presents different times in different stages ;
Secondly , from the ideological and political practice , the Arab nationalism belongs to the type of cultural nationalism ;
Thirdly , the concept of " Arab nation " has undergone a gradual and expanding process , which initially includes only the eastern Arab East , and the Arab West has gradually merged into it since the 1930s ;
Fourthly , in the early Arab nationalist movement , the traditional upper - level political power of the society is in the leadership position ;
Fifth , in the two stages of the early Arab nationalist movement ( the awakening of the nation and the " Wang Zheng period " ) , the goal , way and enemy of the struggle are focused on each other ;
Sixth , the early Arab nationalist movement has an uneven development situation in Arab regions ;
Seventh , in the early Arab nationalist movement , the Arab nationalist forces factions have not formed a unified strength ;
Eighth , there is a complex relationship between Arab nationalism and Islam , national nationalism and sectarianism ;
Ninth , in the framework of Arab nationalism , cooperation in the non - political arena and the harmonization of ideas followed , particularly in economic and cultural fields ;
The tenth , as a whole , the development of Arab nationalism is not smooth , has been beset by many historical and realistic obstacles , thus determining the general route for its development in the adversity , and some congenital deficiency factors have hidden trouble for its future setbacks .






The historical significance of the early Arab nationalist movement : First , nationalism opens up a new path to the traditional national development in the rise of the Arab world ;
Second , the new concept of state - building has led the Arabs to step out of the religious / imperial paradigm and into the construction of the flood flow from the national countries in the world since the modern times ;
Third , the rise of nationalism wake up and transform Arab ' s long - standing national self - awareness to meet the needs of the nation ' s development in the new period ;
Fourth , the idea of nationalism has remolded the Arab nation under the background of the new era ;
Fifth , although the pan - Arab movement in the early period , especially the " Wang Zheng period " , appeared to be so young , it laid the development track of the Arab world : on the national goal , the pursuit of national independence or freedom has become the primary consensus of all ethnic groups ;
On the issue of national unity , the comprehensive cooperation among the independent nations has gradually replaced political unity ;
On the other flag of pan - arabism _ the question of Palestine , the Palestinian war foresaw the failure of a solution to force and recognized Israel as the only option to resolve this issue through peaceful negotiations . Sixth , the Arab nationalist movement supported , encouraged and cooperated with the liberation struggle of other oppressed nations in the world .






The loss of the early pan - Arab unity movement was the result of a common role . The foreign forces entrenched in the Arab world undermined the geography , social , economic , cultural and spiritual unity of the Arab world , cut off the links between the Arab world and obstructed the development of the Arab unity movement , which could be seen as a foreign cause , but the deep reason also sought from the Arab interior . Internal causes include : the political structure of the Arab world and the interests of the dynasties weakened the mass foundation and national basis of the pan - Arab unity movement ;
In the local area , religious minority and sectarianism continuously deny and destroy Arab nationalist movement and its precondition _ loyalty to the motherland ;
The reunification of some non - Arab peoples in the Arab world with regard to the challenge of independence ;
Regional nationalism and Islamism have impeded the development of pan - Arab unity ;
The weak national sovereignty limits the initiative of Arab countries in national affairs , while the diverse political system weakens the political construction base of pan - Arab unity ;
The imbalance in the economic , cultural and social development of Arab regions or countries , as well as the lag in its entirety , weakened the economic , cultural and social basis of the pan - Arab unity movement , and so on . It was noted that there was a mutual " approach " or linkage between internal and external causes , which had formed a resultant force in undermining Arab unity .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K37

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 焦玉奎;冷戰(zhàn)后中東民族主義問(wèn)題研究[D];西北大學(xué);2008年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 程小春;阿拉伯抗土建國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)研究（1914-1920）[D];南京大學(xué);2013年

本文編號(hào)：2106961