遏制與孤立:60年代美國(guó)對(duì)華政策
本文選題:遏制 + 孤立 ; 參考:《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2004年博士論文
【摘要】:60年代美國(guó)政府對(duì)中國(guó)仍然奉行遏制與孤立的政策,只是策略更靈活,手段更隱蔽。 為應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)的核威脅,中國(guó)決心發(fā)展自己的核武器。在中國(guó)發(fā)展核武器的過(guò)程中,美國(guó)政府一直試圖聯(lián)合蘇聯(lián)或單方面對(duì)中國(guó)核設(shè)施發(fā)動(dòng)先發(fā)制人的軍事打擊,以遲滯中國(guó)核計(jì)劃的發(fā)展與實(shí)施,即使在中國(guó)成功實(shí)現(xiàn)第一次核爆炸后,美國(guó)仍沒(méi)有放棄這一想法。 對(duì)于蔣介石“反攻”大陸,美國(guó)政府意識(shí)到明確支持或反對(duì)都是不利的,因而從肯尼迪到約翰遜政府前期,美國(guó)政府采取了模糊立場(chǎng),一方面同意向國(guó)民黨提供一定水平的武器裝備,另一方面反對(duì)國(guó)民黨發(fā)動(dòng)規(guī)模較大的進(jìn)攻,以使事態(tài)始終處于美國(guó)的控制之下。這使美臺(tái)關(guān)系一直處于一種適度的緊張之中,它對(duì)美國(guó)的對(duì)華政策造成了很大壓力。隨國(guó)際環(huán)境的變化,美國(guó)政府開(kāi)始明確反對(duì)國(guó)民黨“反攻”大陸,但對(duì)于臺(tái)灣小規(guī)模的襲擊,美國(guó)認(rèn)為它不會(huì)導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模的沖突,因而并不表示反對(duì)或支持。 對(duì)大使級(jí)會(huì)談,美國(guó)政府早就決定了參加會(huì)談但不解決任何問(wèn)題的方針?夏岬、約翰遜政府參加會(huì)談的考慮是:平息美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)美國(guó)對(duì)華政策的批評(píng)、把中美對(duì)峙的責(zé)任推給中國(guó)和作為兩國(guó)聯(lián)系的渠道。 在對(duì)待中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)代表權(quán)問(wèn)題上,美國(guó)在堅(jiān)決反對(duì)中華人民共和國(guó)進(jìn)入聯(lián)合國(guó)的前提下,其目標(biāo)和手段都具有靈活性。 美國(guó)一直視蘇聯(lián)為戰(zhàn)略對(duì)手,視中蘇聯(lián)盟為心腹之患,但隨中蘇分裂的發(fā)展,美國(guó)政府認(rèn)為中國(guó)更好戰(zhàn)、更危險(xiǎn)和更具有侵略性。因此采取了對(duì)蘇緩和、而對(duì)中國(guó)更嚴(yán)厲也是更敵視的政策,,甚至多次試圖聯(lián)合蘇聯(lián)共同對(duì)付中國(guó)。美國(guó)的對(duì)外戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)與具體政策之間出現(xiàn)了不協(xié)調(diào)。 本文認(rèn)為:遏制與孤立是密不可分的,在一定意義上遏制就是孤立,孤立也是遏制,孤立是為了更好的遏制,是肯尼迪政府的靈活反應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略明確的讓非軍事的孤立手段承擔(dān)起遏制的責(zé)任,約翰遜政府繼承了這一政策?夏岬媳救烁静辉父纳茖(duì)華關(guān)系,他的一些被認(rèn)為是改善對(duì)華關(guān)系的言行的動(dòng)機(jī)是不純的,他根本沒(méi)有、也不愿意做出真正的努力糾正對(duì)中國(guó)的遏制與孤立政策,他也沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備向公眾表明對(duì)中國(guó)應(yīng)采取更為合理的和現(xiàn)實(shí)的政策。 本文認(rèn)為:美國(guó)在奉行對(duì)華遏制與孤立的政策時(shí),對(duì)中國(guó)既沒(méi)有挑戰(zhàn)美國(guó)的能力、也沒(méi)有挑戰(zhàn)美國(guó)的意愿是相當(dāng)清楚的。中國(guó)并不像美國(guó)認(rèn)定的那樣更好戰(zhàn)、更危險(xiǎn)和更具有侵略性。在中美關(guān)系中,美國(guó)始終處于主動(dòng)地位,當(dāng)美國(guó)沒(méi)有改善雙邊關(guān)系的意愿和行動(dòng)時(shí),中國(guó)采取主動(dòng)措施是沒(méi)有用的,是不能改善中美關(guān)系的。中國(guó)的行為只是對(duì)美國(guó)的一種反應(yīng);美國(guó)在實(shí)行遏制與孤立政策時(shí),所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的靈活性,其意不在改善中美關(guān)系,而是意在通過(guò)展示靈活性,把不能改善關(guān)系的責(zé)任推給中國(guó);1966年以后,美國(guó)并沒(méi)有實(shí)施遏制而不孤立的對(duì)華政策。
[Abstract]:In 60s, the US government pursued a policy of containment and isolation against China, but the strategy was more flexible and more covert.
In order to cope with the nuclear threat of the United States, China is determined to develop its own nuclear weapons. In the course of the development of nuclear weapons in China, the United States government has been trying to unite the Soviet Union or unilaterally face a pre emptive military strike against the Chinese nuclear facilities in order to delay the development and implementation of the Chinese nuclear program, even after the successful realization of the first nuclear explosion in China. The country has not given up the idea.
For Jiang Jieshi's "counter offensive" on the continent, the United States government realized that it was unfavourable to clear support or opposition, so from Kennedy to the Johnson administration, the American government took a vague position, on the one hand, agreed to provide a certain level of weaponry to the Kuomintang, on the other hand, to launch a larger attack on the Kuomintang, in order to make a state of affairs. The United States has always been under the control of the United States. This has kept us and Taiwan Relations in a moderate strain. It has caused great pressure on the US policy to China. As the international environment changes, the US government has begun to clearly oppose the "counteroffensive" by the Kuomintang, but for the small attack in Taiwan, the United States believes it will not lead to a large scale. Conflict, therefore, does not express opposition or support.
At the ambassadorial level, the US government had long decided to take part in the talks but did not solve any problems. Kennedy, the Johnson administration took part in the talks, to quell the American and domestic criticism of the US policy towards China, and to push the responsibility of the confrontation between China and the United States to China and the channels of relations between the two countries.
On the issue of China's representation in the United Nations, the United States is flexible in its objectives and means, under the premise that the United States resolutely opposes People's Republic of China's entry into the United Nations.
The United States has always regarded the Soviet Union as a strategic opponent and regards the Sino Soviet Union as a heart trouble, but with the development of the Sino Soviet Union, the United States government believes that China is better fighting, more dangerous and more aggressive. Therefore, it took the policy of easing the Soviet Union, and more severe and hostile to China, and even tried to unite the Soviet Union against China. There is a lack of coordination between strategic objectives and specific policies.
This article holds that: containment and isolation are inseparable. In a certain sense, containment is isolated, isolation is also contained, and isolation is for better containment. It is the Kennedy administration's flexible response strategy that explicitly lets non military isolated means bear the responsibility of containment. The Johnson government inherits this policy. Kennedy himself is not at all. To improve relations with China, some of his motives which are considered to improve relations with China are not pure. He has not, nor is he willing to make a real effort to correct China's policy of containment and isolation. He is not prepared to show the public that China should adopt a more reasonable and realistic policy.
This article holds that when the United States pursues a policy of containment and isolation, it is quite clear that China has neither the ability to challenge the United States nor the willingness to challenge the United States. China is not as much more aggressive, more dangerous and more aggressive as the United States has identified. In Sino US relations, the United States is always on the initiative, when the United States has not changed. When the willingness and action of good bilateral relations are good, China's initiative is useless and can not improve Sino US relations. China's behavior is only a reaction to the United States; the flexibility shown by the United States in the implementation of the policy of containment and isolation is not to improve Sino US relations, but is meant to be unable to do so by showing flexibility. The responsibility for improving relations was pushed to China; after 1966, the United States did not implement a policy of containment rather than isolation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2004
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】:K712
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