本文選題：埃比尼澤·霍華德 + 田園城市理論��； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)末,英國人埃比尼澤·霍華德出版了城市規(guī)劃經(jīng)典之作《明日的田園城市》,提出將城市與鄉(xiāng)村的優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合為一體,締造新型城鎮(zhèn)的田園城市理論,為各國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)起步于20世紀(jì)20年代初,止步于20世紀(jì)80年代初,大致經(jīng)歷了試驗(yàn)期和發(fā)展成熟期兩大歷史階段,積累了大量關(guān)于城市規(guī)劃、建造、管理和解決多種城市問題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),具有極其重要的研究?jī)r(jià)值。本文將詳細(xì)分析美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展過程,準(zhǔn)確提煉美國新鎮(zhèn)的特征,比較全面地總結(jié)美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。 正文的第一部分從霍華德的田園城市理論誕生的背景、田園城市理論的主要內(nèi)容、田園城市理論的實(shí)質(zhì)及對(duì)其評(píng)價(jià)等三方面,詳細(xì)介紹霍華德的田園城市理論。著重利用霍氏三圖分析田園城市理論的主要內(nèi)容,闡明其理論實(shí)質(zhì)是一種分散、再集中的集約型分散人口方式。 正文的第二部分詳細(xì)記述20世紀(jì)20年代至40年代末美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)處在試驗(yàn)期的發(fā)展歷史。20世紀(jì)20年代,克萊倫斯·斯坦組建美國區(qū)域規(guī)劃協(xié)會(huì),依據(jù)田園城市理論修建了美國第一座新鎮(zhèn)雷德本,標(biāo)志著美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)開始。新政時(shí)期,美國聯(lián)邦政府依據(jù)田園城市理論,修建了3座綠帶城鎮(zhèn),可惜試驗(yàn)期的新鎮(zhèn)項(xiàng)目均以失敗告終。 正文的第三部分詳細(xì)記述20世紀(jì)60年代至80年代初美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)處在發(fā)展成熟期的歷史進(jìn)程。其間主要建設(shè)了私人再建新鎮(zhèn)項(xiàng)目、聯(lián)邦與私人合作新鎮(zhèn)項(xiàng)目,其中新鎮(zhèn)哥倫比亞取得了空前的成功,標(biāo)志美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)入成熟階段。1975年,出于種種原因,美國聯(lián)邦政府宣布停止向新增新鎮(zhèn)項(xiàng)目提供債券擔(dān)保,加之一批新鎮(zhèn)項(xiàng)目相繼破產(chǎn),美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)急速衰落。1983年,里根政府終止了聯(lián)邦與私人合作建設(shè)新鎮(zhèn)計(jì)劃,美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)后繼發(fā)展乏力,基本陷入停滯。 正文的第四部分將美國郊區(qū)作為參照物,具體分析并提煉出美國新鎮(zhèn)的特征。該部分首先闡明以美國郊區(qū)作為照物的原因。然后提煉出美國新鎮(zhèn)的特征4點(diǎn):一是整體規(guī)劃、功能完備、設(shè)施齊全,這是田園城市理論自足原則的要求:二是高投資、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn);三是異質(zhì)性強(qiáng),表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)收入異質(zhì)性和種族異質(zhì)性兩個(gè)方面;四是多途徑交通,美國新鎮(zhèn)一般都擁有多種途徑相互配合的交通系統(tǒng),有意限制對(duì)私家車的濫用行為,積極發(fā)展公共交通。 正文的第五部分總結(jié)美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的三大影響。第一,美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)為美國中心城市改造提供了新方法。第二,美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)極大地推動(dòng)了美國建筑規(guī)劃和規(guī)劃理論的發(fā)展,第三,美國新鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)動(dòng)也極大影響了美國聯(lián)邦政府住房和規(guī)劃政策的制定。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century, Ebenezer Howard, a British man, published his classic urban planning book, "the Rural City of tomorrow", which proposed combining the advantages of the city with the countryside to create a new type of rural urban theory. It provides a theoretical basis for the movement of new towns in various countries. The new town movement in the United States started in the early 1920s and stopped at the beginning of the 1980s. It generally experienced two historical stages, the experimental period and the development and maturity period, and accumulated a large amount of information on urban planning and construction. The experience and lessons of managing and solving various urban problems are of great value. This paper will analyze in detail the development process of American New Town Movement, accurately refine the characteristics of American New Town Movement, and summarize the influence of American New Town Movement in an all-round way. The first part of the text introduces Howard's rural city theory in detail from three aspects: the background of the birth of Howard's rural city theory, the main content of the rural city theory, the essence of the rural city theory and its evaluation. The main contents of the rural city theory are analyzed by using the Huo's three maps, and the essence of the theory is expounded as a decentralized, reconcentrated and intensive scattered population mode. The second part of the text describes in detail the history of the New Town Movement in the United States during the experimental period from the 1920s to the late 1940s. Clarence Stein formed the American Association for Regional Planning in the 1920s. The first new town of America, Redburn, was built according to the theory of pastoral city, marking the beginning of the New Town Movement in the United States. During the New deal period, the federal government built three green belt towns according to the theory of rural cities, but the new town projects in the experimental period all ended in failure. The third part of the text describes in detail the historical process of the new town movement in the United States during the period of development and maturity from 1960's to early 1980's. During this period, private reconstruction projects were mainly built, and the federal and private cooperative new towns project, in which the new town of Colombia achieved unprecedented success, marked the mature stage of the new town movement in the United States. In 1975, for a variety of reasons, The federal government announced a halt to bond guarantees for new town projects, and a number of new town projects went bankrupt, leading to a sharp decline in the new town movement. In 1983, the Reagan administration ended the federal and private partnership to build new towns. The new town movement in the United States, followed by a lack of development, the basic stagnation. The fourth part of the text takes the American suburb as the reference material, and concretely analyzes and refines the characteristics of the American New Town. This section first illustrates the reasons for taking the suburbs of the United States as photographs. Then it abstracts the characteristics of the new towns in the United States: one is the overall planning, the function is complete, and the facilities are complete. This is the requirement of the principle of self-sufficiency of the rural cities: second, high investment, high risk, and third, strong heterogeneity. It is manifested in two aspects: income heterogeneity and race heterogeneity. Fourth, multi-channel traffic, American new towns generally have a multi-channel traffic system, intentionally limit the abuse of private cars, and actively develop public transport. The fifth part of the text summarizes the three major impacts of the New Town Movement in the United States. First, the New Town Movement in the United States provided a new method for the transformation of American central cities. Second, the New Town Movement has greatly promoted the development of architectural planning and planning theory in the United States. Third, the New Town Movement has greatly affected the housing and planning policies of the federal government of the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K712

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