本文選題：毛皮貿(mào)易 + 北美��； 參考：《首都師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 文章旨在對16世紀(jì)到19世紀(jì)六七十年代北美的皮毛貿(mào)易進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,由前言和正文四章組成。 緒論概述了文章研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀,論述了本文的研究意義和創(chuàng)新之處,并對所用材料進(jìn)行了說明。文章正文部分包括以下四個方面的內(nèi)容: 第一章概述了18世紀(jì)之前北美毛皮貿(mào)易的狀況。從歐洲人發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲開始,法國人、英國人、荷蘭、西班牙等國的商人和冒險(xiǎn)者陸續(xù)到美洲去尋找黃金和白銀等貴金屬,無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)北美的叢林里有大量的毛皮。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于中世紀(jì)晚期的歐洲流行穿戴毛皮衣服和服飾,需要大量的毛皮。沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)“黃金夢”的歐洲商人開始了把北美的毛皮運(yùn)往歐洲的歷程,實(shí)現(xiàn)了巨大的利潤。18世紀(jì)之前的毛皮貿(mào)易主要是小規(guī)模的商業(yè)活動,主要由零散的商人組成。參與的國家有法國、荷蘭、西班牙、英國等。其中法國從事毛皮貿(mào)易活動進(jìn)行的早,所以勢力最大,這段時(shí)期的貿(mào)易主要以法國為主導(dǎo)。 第二章概述了法國、英國、和俄國的毛皮貿(mào)易。隨著貿(mào)易貿(mào)易活動的展開,大規(guī)模的貿(mào)易活動也拉開了序幕。以前是小規(guī)模商人的活動,到了18世紀(jì)之后,開始了大規(guī)模的有組織的貿(mào)易方式,組建了許多貿(mào)易公司來從事美洲、歐洲和亞洲之間的皮毛貿(mào)易。其中18世紀(jì)上半期仍以法國為主,隨著英國實(shí)力的增強(qiáng),殖民擴(kuò)張的步伐加快,逐漸取代法國成為北美毛皮貿(mào)易的主角。俄國人則從美洲大陸的北方進(jìn)入美洲,通過俄美公司進(jìn)行毛皮活動,俄國的最大特點(diǎn)是從事北美和亞洲之間的貿(mào)易。總之,伴隨著殖民活動的進(jìn)行,各大國紛紛加入到毛皮貿(mào)易的隊(duì)伍當(dāng)中來。他們之間必然存在著矛盾和斗爭,也構(gòu)成了毛皮貿(mào)易的一部分。 第三章著重論述美國的毛皮貿(mào)易,美國不甘心失去參與這次巨大利潤的商業(yè)活動的機(jī)會。在實(shí)現(xiàn)國家獨(dú)立后,也積極加入了該行列。論述美國毛皮貿(mào)易商人奧斯塔憑借政府的支持和靈活市場應(yīng)變能力,建立了美國毛皮公司。從而把使美國的毛皮貿(mào)易發(fā)展、壯大。為美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和邊疆的開發(fā)作出了一定的貢獻(xiàn)。 第四章概述了毛皮貿(mào)易這項(xiàng)大規(guī)模商業(yè)活動的特點(diǎn)及影響。北美毛皮貿(mào)易的順利完成需要印第安人的合作才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此和印第安人的合作、依靠印第安人是北美毛皮貿(mào)易最大的特點(diǎn)。這項(xiàng)商業(yè)活動,不僅對北美的開發(fā)起了一定的作用,同時(shí)大規(guī)模捕殺動物也造成了生態(tài)環(huán)境的嚴(yán)重失衡,對環(huán)境的破壞作用也是不容忽視的。
[Abstract]:The article aims to systematically study the fur trade in North America from sixteenth Century to nineteenth Century, consisting of four chapters: preface and text.
The introduction outlines the history and present situation of the article, discusses the significance and innovation of this paper, and explains the materials used. The main body of the article includes the following four aspects:
Chapter 1 outlines the status of North American fur trade before eighteenth Century. Businessmen and adventurers from the French, British, Holland, and Spanish countries began to search for gold and silver and other precious metals in the Americas from the European discovery of America. It was unintentionally found that there was a large amount of fur in the North American jungle. It was in the late Middle Ages of Europe. Wearing fur clothing and clothing, it needs a lot of fur. The European businessman who did not realize the "golden dream" began to carry North America's fur to Europe, and achieved great profits. The fur trade before the.18 century was mainly small business, mainly composed of zero traders. The countries involved were France, Holland, Spain, Britain and so on, among which France engaged in fur trade activities early, so the most powerful force, during this period of trade dominated by France.
The second chapter outlines the fur trade in France, Britain and Russia. With trade and trade activities, large-scale trade activities have begun. Before eighteenth Century, a large-scale organized trade was started and many trading companies were formed to engage in the Americas, Europe and Asia. The first half of eighteenth Century was still dominated by France. With the strengthening of Britain, the pace of colonial expansion was accelerated, and France was gradually replaced by France as the leading role of the fur trade in North America. The Russians entered America from the north of the American continent and carried out fur activities through the Russian and American companies. The biggest feature of Russia was to engage in North America and Asia. In a word, with the movement of colonialism, the great powers joined the fur trade team. There must be contradictions and struggles between them, and they also formed part of the fur trade.
The third chapter focuses on the fur trade in the United States. The United States is not willing to lose the opportunity to participate in the commercial activities of this huge profit. After the realization of national independence, the United States has also actively joined the ranks. The American fur trading merchant, Aosta, established the American Fur Company with the support of the government and the flexibility of the market. China's fur trade has grown and expanded, contributing to the development of American economy and the development of border areas.
The fourth chapter outlines the characteristics and effects of the fur trade. The smooth completion of the fur trade in North America requires the cooperation of the Indians to achieve it. Therefore, the Indians are the biggest feature of the fur trade in North America. This business activity not only plays a role in the development of North America. At the same time, large-scale killing of animals also caused a serious imbalance in the ecological environment, and the damage to the environment can not be ignored.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K712

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