本文選題：巫術(shù) + 巫術(shù)迫害��； 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2006年博士論文

【摘要】： 16、17世紀(jì)的西歐進(jìn)入了轉(zhuǎn)型時期，在這一時期出現(xiàn)了諸如文藝復(fù)興、宗教改革、新大陸的發(fā)現(xiàn)、科學(xué)革命以及民族—國家的出現(xiàn)等一系列令人振奮的歷史事件。但是，當(dāng)時的西歐同時還存在著由經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展引起的社會貧困化、由民族—國家的興起引起的政治紛亂以及由宗教改革引起的宗教沖突。同時，由于天氣突變而導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)業(yè)歉收和饑荒，更是不斷惡化了當(dāng)時普通百姓的生活。當(dāng)時的人們相信，這些災(zāi)害是魔鬼及其仆人——巫師破壞的結(jié)果，他們通過雷電、冰雹、霜雪、風(fēng)雨、洪水、鼠患、蟲害等災(zāi)害和其它各種手段，破壞上帝的意旨，給人們帶來痛苦和悲傷。 面對種種的社會危機(jī)，人們迫切地尋找替罪羊以慰藉大眾的挫折感和不安全感，巫師正是極佳的替罪羊。當(dāng)時的人們相信關(guān)于巫術(shù)的傳說，，害怕巫師的破壞能力，他們搜捕這些想象中的巫師，尤其是女巫。16世紀(jì)60年代巫術(shù)案件在西歐大量出現(xiàn)，并且在該世紀(jì)末上升到了驚人的程度。16世紀(jì)末17世紀(jì)初訴訟進(jìn)一步增加，波及的區(qū)域也不斷擴(kuò)大，并在17世紀(jì)20年代到達(dá)了頂峰。期間大量的巫師被投進(jìn)監(jiān)獄，其中很多人被燒死在火刑柱上。最終，巫術(shù)訴訟在17世紀(jì)末和18世紀(jì)逐漸衰落。 過去的史學(xué)家往往忽視歐洲近代早期的研究，或者將其簡單化，而巫術(shù)和巫術(shù)迫害是一個很好的切入點(diǎn)，使我們得以重新審視歐洲這段歷史，構(gòu)建一個更加完整的歷史圖景。同時，我們可以通過這一課題的研究，從另一個角度加深對西歐社會轉(zhuǎn)型問題的理解，也有助于我們對其它社會中的轉(zhuǎn)型問題的研究。 本論文除了導(dǎo)論與結(jié)語外，分為三個部分。第一部分中，通過對“長時段”和“中時段”因素的分析，建構(gòu)一個完整的關(guān)于西歐近代早期的歷史場景。著重分析引發(fā)巫術(shù)迫害這種獨(dú)特的社會現(xiàn)象的社會背景，包括：16、17世紀(jì)西歐社會的生活環(huán)境(地理和氣候因素)、社會生活(經(jīng)濟(jì)變遷和政治動蕩)和西歐近代早期人們的心態(tài)(宇宙觀、死亡觀念以及對自我的態(tài)度)。第二部分，著重論述魔鬼信仰的形成及其具體內(nèi)容，包括魔鬼、巫師、巫魔會和著魔等。第三部分，著重敘述近代早期巫術(shù)迫害的整個過程，包括迫害的興起、蔓延和衰落，以及當(dāng)時的司法運(yùn)作。 此外，在這篇論文中我還運(yùn)用了包括文化人類學(xué)、心理學(xué)、歷史社會學(xué)等跨學(xué)科的研究方法，多視角、多維度地考察巫術(shù)迫害這一獨(dú)特的社會現(xiàn)象。
[Abstract]:Western Europe entered a transitional period in the 1600s, during which a series of exciting historical events such as the Renaissance, the religious reform, the discovery of the New World, the scientific revolution and the emergence of the nation-state appeared. However, in Western Europe at that time, there were also social poverty caused by economic development, political chaos caused by the rise of ethnic-state and religious conflicts caused by religious reform. At the same time, agricultural failure and famine caused by sudden weather worsened the lives of ordinary people at that time. The people at that time believed that these disasters were the result of destruction by the devil and his servants and witches, who destroyed God's will through lightning, hail, frost, wind and rain, floods, rodents, pests and other means. In the face of all kinds of social crises, people urgently seek scapegoats to comfort the frustration and insecurity of the public, and witches are the best scapegoats. People believed in the legends of witchcraft and feared the destructive power of wizards, and they searched for these imaginary witches, especially witches. The witches of the 1960s were widespread in Western Europe. And at the end of the century, it rose to an alarming degree. Litigation increased further in the late 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, and the affected areas expanded, and reached its peak in the 1720s. A large number of wizards were sent to prison during that time, many of whom were burned to death at the stake. Eventually, witchcraft litigation declined in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Historians in the past tended to ignore or simplify early modern European research, and witchcraft persecution were a good entry point. So that we can re-examine the history of Europe and build a more complete historical picture. At the same time, through the study of this topic, we can deepen the understanding of the social transformation in Western Europe from another angle, and also help us to study the transformation problem in other societies. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, through the analysis of the factors of "long period" and "medium period", a complete historical scene about the early modern times of Western Europe is constructed. Focusing on the social context in which witchcraft persecution is a unique social phenomenon, It includes the living environment (geographical and climatic factors), social life (economic change and political turbulence) and the mentality (cosmology, death concept and attitude towards self) of the early modern Western Europe. The second part mainly discusses the formation and content of devil's belief, including devil, wizard, sorcery and enchanting. The third part focuses on the whole process of witchcraft persecution in the early modern times, including the rise, spread and decline of persecution, and the judicial operation at that time. Historical sociology and other interdisciplinary research methods, multi-perspective, multi-dimensional investigation of witchcraft persecution this unique social phenomenon.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：K504

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本文編號：1995998