本文選題：澀澤榮一 + 中國�。� 參考：《華中師范大學》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：素有“日本資本主義之父”之稱的澀澤榮一是日本近代史上的著名人物。本文在以《澀澤榮一傳記資料》為主要文本依據的基礎上,輔以既有的研究成果以及其他中日文文獻,以王霸關系為分析框架,集中考察澀澤榮一在經濟、救濟、外交、教育等方面的對華思想與實踐,力求展現出他與中國方面的雙向互動過程以及這個過程所反映出的近代中日關系的另一側面。 幼年的澀澤榮一在接受儒學啟蒙的同時,也從其農商兼營的家庭中受到了商業(yè)的熏陶。成年之后,澀澤曾有過遠赴歐洲游歷的經歷,并一度任職于明治政府,辭官后又致力于主持和參與日本一系列近代企業(yè)制度的建立,最終成就了他在日本經濟界舉足輕重的地位。此外,他還在教育、慈善、民間外交等領域有諸多建樹。不過澀澤為人所熟知的更在于他的“論語算盤說”。他認為仁義道德寫生產殖利并非相互對立和互不相容的,不存在脫離經濟的道德,而背離道德的經濟也不能為社會帶來真正的好處。 1877年的中國行是澀澤榮一第二次踏上中國的土地,此前赴歐途中路過上海讓他切身感覺到了中國的衰落,而這次的中國之行卻是為商洽貸款而來。盡管中日西征借款談判、招商局借款談判最終都沒能達成一致,卻讓澀澤意識到中國市場的重要,也開啟了其對華經濟實踐的先河。當然,此時的日本羽翼未豐,還談不上對中國有什么擴張行為,澀澤榮一所進行的嘗試也只是屬于一般性的商貿活動。然而,日本在甲午戰(zhàn)爭中的勝利卻改變了這種狀況。此時的日本已經出現“脫亞入歐”、“東亞盟主論”等論調,澀澤榮一的對華言行也是以霸道式的擴張為特征。他的對華態(tài)度從起初的猶豫和謹慎逐漸轉變成為日本對華經濟擴張搖旗吶喊。他不僅關注一系列對華經濟調查活動,也參與了湖南汽船會社、日清輪船會社、東華紡績會社、日清銀行、東亞興業(yè)會社等多家實業(yè)公司和金融投資機構的醞釀和成立事宜。進入20世紀以后,日本的對華擴張進程因中國方面的抵制、與其他列強的激烈競爭以及自身實力有限等原因而面臨著挑戰(zhàn),澀澤榮一為此提出了合作開發(fā)中國的構想,并試圖將其付諸實踐。他一方面向美國提出了日美聯合開發(fā)中國的建議,并且嘗試與美國合辦一家對華銀行,另一方面又努力促成了中國興業(yè)會社以及后來的中日實業(yè)公司的成立,并為中日實業(yè)公司的具體業(yè)務專門赴北京協(xié)商。然而就結果來看,中日實業(yè)公司的實際運作并非一帆風順,與美國合辦銀行的計劃也不了了之�！昂限k”雖然顯得比較公正,但仍屬于日本對華經濟擴張方式的一種變通。澀澤所聲稱的合作開發(fā)似乎符合他所提出的“已所不欲勿施于人”的王道思想,然而背后卻明顯存在著一味追求日本國家經濟利益的企圖。 在對華外交方面,澀澤認為,日本的對華外交主體多元、主張不一,且往往對中國采取恩威交加的策略,容易引起中國方面的不滿和反抗。為此,他提出以“忠恕”、“敬愛”之道與中國相交的外交理念,并積極推動對華民間外交。由他所擔任會長的日華實業(yè)協(xié)會就是在此背景下應運而生。澀澤榮一以該協(xié)會為平臺,與中國方面的孫中山、蔣介石、張謇、虞洽卿等政商界要人有過數度交往。然而我們通過考察兩國在廢除不平等條約、關稅改訂、抵日運動等問題上的交鋒就會發(fā)現,日華實業(yè)協(xié)會還是扮演了一個日本工商界代言人的角色。在以維護和拓展日本既得利益為前提的情況下,它并不能有效處理好兩國間的紛爭,也難以有效體現出澀澤榮一所提出的對華外交理念。 除此之外,澀澤曾經有過數次發(fā)起或者參與對華災害救助的行動,他對中國赴日留學生也給予過不同形式的幫助和接濟,曾有過設立青島商科大學的計劃,并向上海的學藝大學提供過資金支持。從表面上看,這些似乎都應歸于慈善活動之列,與澀澤榮一的對華外交理念頗為一致,也是其王道思想的典型體現。盡管這些林林總總的活動背后仍然存在一些現實利益的考量,但其中所包含的友善和道義的一面是不應被忽視的。然而,澀澤榮一在日本歷次的對華軍事侵略行為中卻大都持支持和贊成的態(tài)度。如果將慈善歸于王道、武力歸于霸道的話,那么這兩者之間就形成鮮明的對比。不過這種對比并非相互矛盾的,其背后都體現著澀澤對日本經濟利益的追求。災害救濟和慈善教育在客觀上會對日本的在華經濟利益起到保護和促進的功效,而他無論是支持戰(zhàn)爭還是反對擴軍,也多是出于經濟方面的考慮。 澀澤榮一受過中國文化的熏陶,對中國抱有一定程度的好感,對中國的災害救濟、教育支持以及同中國人士的交往也有利于增進兩國國民感情和相互交流。他所提倡的以“敬愛”、“忠恕”之道對華交往的外交理念在近代日本對華擴張過程中顯得相當難得。澀澤崇尚王道而排斥霸道,上述這些也可以歸于王道中的積極一面。然而他的王道思想明顯帶有“東亞盟主論”色彩和國家主義傾向,并非建立在現代民族國家平等往來的基礎之上。他反對日本的軍國主義,也反對日本對華恩威交加的外交政策,但其本人卻在對華經濟擴張活動中起到了明顯的促進作用,客觀上加快了日本的對華侵略步伐�？傮w而言,他主張對華行之以王道,但實際上卻是一種王霸雜之的狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:Shibuzawa Eichi, known as the father of Japanese capitalism, is a famous figure in Japanese modern history. On the basis of the "Shibuzawa Eichi biography material" as the main text basis, with the existing research results and other Chinese and Japanese literature, this article focuses on the analysis of Shibuzawa Eichi's economy, relief and diplomacy with the framework of the relationship between Wang and hegemony. Education and other aspects of China's thought and practice in China strive to show the two-way interaction between him and China and the other side of the modern Sino Japanese relations reflected in the process.
At the same time, while accepting the Enlightenment of Confucianism, Shibuzawa Eichi was also influenced by business in his peasant merchants' family. After his adult life, he had a long journey to Europe and once served in the Meiji government. After his resignation, he devoted himself to the establishment of a modern enterprise system in Japan. In addition, he also has many achievements in the fields of education, philanthropy, and civil diplomacy. But he is more familiar with his "Analects of Confucius". He believes that benevolent morality is not contradictory and incompatible with each other, and does not exist from the morality of the economy, and the economy is deviating from the moral economy. Nor does it bring real benefits to society.
The Chinese Bank of 1877 was the second time Shibuzawa Eichi set foot on China. Before he went to Europe on the road to Shanghai, he felt the decline of China. The importance of the field also opened its precedent for China's economic practice. Of course, at this time, Japan is unfledged and not able to talk about the expansion of China. The attempt by Shibuzawa Eichi is only a general business. However, Japan's victory in the war of 1894 has changed this situation. Shibuzawa Eichi's speech to China was characterized by hegemonic expansion. His attitude towards China changed from the initial hesitation and prudence to the Japanese expansion of China's economic expansion. He not only paid attention to a series of economic investigation activities against China, but also participated in the Hunan steamboat club, Japan, and the Qing Dynasty. In twentieth Century, the Japanese expansion to China faced challenges due to the resistance of China, the fierce competition with other powers and the limited strength of its own strength, Shibuzawa Eichi. On the one hand, he put forward the proposal of joint development of China by Japan and the United States, and tried to jointly run a Chinese bank with the United States. On the other hand, he tried to promote the establishment of China's Xingye society and the later Sino Japanese Industrial Company, and for China Japan Industrial company. As a result, the actual operation of China Japan Industrial Company is not smooth, and the plan of the joint bank with the United States is not clear. "Joint" although it appears fairly fair, but still belongs to a variant of the Japanese economic expansion in China. The cooperative development claimed by Beijing seems to be in line with him. However, there is obviously an attempt to pursue Japan's national economic interests behind it.
In the respect of China's diplomacy, he believes that Japan's diplomatic relations with China are diverse, different and tend to adopt a strategy of adding en Wei to China, which will easily cause dissatisfaction and resistance in China. To this end, he put forward the diplomatic concept of "loyalty" and "love" with China, and actively promoted the Chinese folk diplomacy. In this context, the president of Japan and China Industrial Association came into being in this context. Shibuzawa Eichi, with the association as the platform, has a number of contacts with the Chinese government, such as Sun Zhongshan, Jiang Jieshi, Zhang Jian, Yu fit Qing and other political business circles. However, we will go through the investigation of the conflict between the two countries on the abolition of unequal treaties, tariff modification, and Japanese movement. At present, the Japanese industrial association played a role as a spokesperson for the Japanese industry and commerce. In the case of maintaining and expanding the Japanese vested interests, it can not effectively deal with the disputes between the two countries, and it is difficult to effectively reflect the diplomatic ideas of China proposed by Shibuzawa Eichi.
In addition, he has had several actions to initiate or participate in disaster relief in China. He has also given different forms of help and assistance to the Chinese students to Japan. He has had a plan to set up a Qingdao Commercial University and provided financial support to the University of Shanghai. On the surface, these seem to be attributed to charity activities. It is in line with Shibuzawa Eichi's diplomatic concept of China and a typical embodiment of his king's thought. Although there are still some practical interests behind the activities of the forest and forest, the friendly and moral aspects of them should not be ignored. However, Shibuzawa Eichi's military aggression against China in Japan has been carried out in Japan. There is a sharp contrast between the two, but this contrast is not contradictory, but it is behind the pursuit of the economic interests of Japan. The disaster rescue and charity education will be objectively to Japan. China's economic interests play the role of protection and promotion, and whether he supports the war or against the expansion of the army is mostly due to economic considerations.
Shibuzawa Eichi has been influenced by Chinese culture and has a certain degree of good feeling to China. The disaster relief, educational support and communication with Chinese people also help to improve the national feelings and exchanges between the two countries. The diplomatic concept of "love" and "loyalty" to China has expanded in Modern Japan. It is quite rare in the course of the process. He rejects the hegemony of the king, and these can also be attributed to the positive side of the royal road. However, his king's thought is obviously with the "East Asian allies" color and the nationalist tendency, not based on the basis of the equality of modern nation-state. He is opposed to Japanese militarism, but also against the Japanese militarism. As for the foreign policy of Japan to Hua En Wei, he had played a significant role in promoting the expansion of China's economic expansion and accelerated the Japanese invasion of China objectively. In general, he advocated the king of China, but in fact, it was a state of King hegemony.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K313

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 王秋華;1917年京直水災與賑濟情況略述[J];北京社會科學;2005年03期

2 單冠初;日本與南京國民政府初期的關稅自主運動[J];檔案與史學;2002年02期

3 向常水;;教會對戰(zhàn)地的慈善救濟——以民國時期的湖南地區(qū)為例[J];湖南第一師范學報;2006年02期

4 周石峰;;1923年抵制日貨運動的經濟效果與政治制約[J];貴州師范大學學報(社會科學版);2010年01期

5 洪之涓;;近代日本阻撓中國恢復關稅自主權的社會背景——日本棉紡織業(yè)者的反對運動及其對華經營思想分析[J];產業(yè)經濟研究;2008年05期

6 郭曦曉;評蔣介石1927年秋訪日[J];近代史研究;1989年04期

7 陳絳;唐廷樞與輪船招商局[J];近代史研究;1990年02期

8 夏明方;清季“丁戊奇荒”的賑濟及善后問題初探[J];近代史研究;1993年02期

9 陳鋒;清末民國年間日本對華調查報告中的財政與經濟資料[J];近代史研究;2004年03期

10 馬敏;中國和日本的近代“士商”─—張謇與澀澤榮一之比較觀[J];近代史研究;1996年01期

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 吳志國;近代中國抵制洋貨運動研究（1905-1937）[D];華中師范大學;2009年

相關碩士學位論文 前4條

1 歐陽亮;中華學藝社研究[D];華東師范大學;2004年

2 陳凌;1920年華北五省旱災與賑務研究[D];山東師范大學;2006年

3 王蘭娟;在華傳教士災荒觀之探究[D];福建師范大學;2008年

4 郭曉波;中華學藝社與中國科學的近代化[D];河北大學;2008年

，

本文編號：1982920