本文選題：英國(guó) + 美國(guó)��； 參考：《首都師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)初在美國(guó)興起的禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)終于在“一戰(zhàn)”后迎來了高潮。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)通過了有關(guān)禁酒的憲法第18條修正案,并于1920年1月16日正式生效,從此美國(guó)正式開始了十余年的全國(guó)禁酒時(shí)代。禁酒令對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)影響深遠(yuǎn)。由于美國(guó)有著飲酒傳統(tǒng),一道行政上的命令并不能完全禁絕其國(guó)民禁酒的欲望,私釀酒和走私酒盛行;與此同時(shí),英國(guó)為了緩和戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)并維護(hù)其貿(mào)易地位,通過其殖民地巴哈馬群島對(duì)美國(guó)大量走私酒品,巴哈馬海關(guān)還對(duì)這些販酒船發(fā)放雙重結(jié)關(guān)許可證,美國(guó)海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)在三海里領(lǐng)海線外扣押了這些船只,并由司法部提起訴訟,英國(guó)逐漸陷入美國(guó)禁酒的沼澤地里。 面對(duì)美國(guó)的抗議,英國(guó)原打算敷衍了之,但美國(guó)財(cái)政部對(duì)駛?cè)肫漕I(lǐng)海的外籍船只上的海上供應(yīng)品予以查扣,并禁止攜帶酒品的外籍客船駛?cè)朊绹?guó)領(lǐng)海,這觸及到英國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,英國(guó)不得不出面解決。美國(guó)提出,為打擊走私,要將領(lǐng)海線從三海里延展到十二海里;而英國(guó)難以割舍這一維系海洋帝國(guó)霸權(quán)的基本原則,與美國(guó)開始了三年的交涉。通過妥協(xié)讓步,雙方于1924年簽訂了英美禁酒條約,從形式上抑制住了美國(guó)的酒走私,也充分保障了英國(guó)的封裝酒豁免權(quán)。 然而,禁酒條約自身的缺陷導(dǎo)致其難以良好地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),英美間就禁酒實(shí)施的具體問題仍有糾紛。在兩國(guó)相關(guān)人員的協(xié)商下,兩年后,倫敦會(huì)議的召開清算了禁酒條約中的明顯積弊,英美就禁酒問題引發(fā)的外交糾紛逐漸趨于低潮。全文共分三章,另有前言和結(jié)語。 前言部分大致介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)禁酒及禁酒外交問題的史學(xué)研究成就及不足,在此基礎(chǔ)上說明本人的研究思路和本文的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 第一章從美國(guó)實(shí)施全國(guó)禁酒令切入,探討了英國(guó)卷入走私的過程和原因。進(jìn)入禁酒時(shí)代后,美國(guó)的酒品走私現(xiàn)象頻發(fā)且屢禁不止。巴哈馬因其獨(dú)特的地理位置,成為走私的大本營(yíng)。為了維持戰(zhàn)前的貿(mào)易水平,英國(guó)對(duì)巴哈馬的走私采取包庇縱容的態(tài)度。美國(guó)屢屢在領(lǐng)海線外扣押英籍販酒船,英國(guó)徹底卷入到美國(guó)禁酒的洪流中來。 第二章分三步闡述了英國(guó)被迫一步步接受美國(guó)締約提議,直到禁酒條約簽訂生效的過程。首先,在禁酒實(shí)施過程中,美國(guó)出現(xiàn)了財(cái)政部與司法部的單邊行動(dòng)導(dǎo)致國(guó)務(wù)院被動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì),出于改善英美關(guān)系和貫徹禁酒事務(wù)的雙重考慮,國(guó)務(wù)院對(duì)英國(guó)提出締約提議,但英國(guó)予以拒絕;其次,英國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)禁酒不可避免地將英美航運(yùn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和英籍船只的海上供應(yīng)品問題放上臺(tái)面,禁酒外交中逐漸注入經(jīng)濟(jì)層面的因素;最后,英美調(diào)整了各自的策略,美國(guó)將原有提議改頭換面,變成一項(xiàng)互惠條約,而英國(guó)跨部委員會(huì)——特別是貿(mào)易部——出于維護(hù)英國(guó)貿(mào)易這一根本利益的考慮,沖破了外交大臣寇松的阻攔,成功地建議和美國(guó)締約。 第三章分析了英美禁酒條約簽訂后英美的禁酒爭(zhēng)端。由于禁酒條約自身的缺陷,兩國(guó)難以避免地出現(xiàn)糾紛,禁酒條約也淪為一紙空文。而此時(shí)美國(guó)禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰,加上兩國(guó)政府要職人員出現(xiàn)更替,英國(guó)跨部委員會(huì)把握時(shí)機(jī),主動(dòng)與美國(guó)商討,倫敦會(huì)議解決了自條約簽訂后嚴(yán)重困擾兩國(guó)的單方自決、“一小時(shí)線”、運(yùn)用假定測(cè)量等三大爭(zhēng)議。倫敦會(huì)議后兩國(guó)的禁酒外交糾紛日漸式微。 結(jié)語部分是對(duì)全文的補(bǔ)充說明,為英美禁酒外交戰(zhàn)的啟示。一方面,總結(jié)了英美禁酒外交戰(zhàn)中雙方政策產(chǎn)生的原因;另一方面,分析了這場(chǎng)外交戰(zhàn)中所反映出的時(shí)代特色。
[Abstract]:The rise of the anti alcohol campaign in the early nineteenth Century came to a climax after the first World War. The United States Congress passed eighteenth amendments to the constitution of the prohibition of alcohol, and formally entered into effect in January 16, 1920. From then on, the United States officially started a national prohibition era for more than ten years. The prohibition of alcohol has far-reaching impact on the American society. An administrative order did not completely ban the desire of its national prohibition, the prevalence of private wine and smuggling; at the same time, Britain smuggled a large amount of wine through its colonial Bahamian archipelago to ease the post-war economic crisis and maintain its trade status, and the Bahamas customs also issued a double customs clearance permit. The United States Coast Guard seized the ships outside the territorial sea line of three nautical miles, and was brought to justice by the Ministry of justice.
In the face of American protests, Britain was intended to be perfunctory, but the U. S. Treasury had buckle on the supplies of foreign ships entering its territorial sea and banned foreign vessels carrying wine into the United States, which touched on the economic interests of the United Kingdom and had to resolve it. The United States proposed that the sea line should be taken to combat smuggling. Three nautical miles extended to twelve nautical miles; Britain was unable to give up the basic principle of the hegemony of the marine Empire, and began a three year negotiation with the United States. By compromise, the two sides signed a British and American Treaty on alcohol prohibition in 1924, suppressing the smuggling of wine in the United States in form, and ensuring the British packaging immunity.
However, the defects of the Treaty of prohibition of alcohol were difficult to operate well, and there was still a dispute between Britain and the United States on the specific problems of the implementation of the prohibition of alcohol. The chapter also has a preface and conclusion.
The preface introduces the achievements and shortcomings of the historical research on the problems of prohibition and prohibition of alcohol diplomacy both at home and abroad, and on this basis explains my research ideas and the theoretical and practical significance of this article.
In the first chapter, the process and causes of British smuggling are discussed from the implementation of the National prohibition order in the United States. After entering the time of prohibition, the smuggling of wine products in the United States is frequent and repeated. The Bahamas has become a smuggling camp because of its unique geographical position. The United States has repeatedly seized British alcoholic liquor vessels outside the territorial sea. Britain has been completely involved in the torrent of American Prohibition.
In the second chapter, the United States was forced to accept the United States proposal in three steps until the prohibition treaty entered into force. First, during the implementation of the prohibition, the United States appeared the unilateral action of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of justice, which led to the passive response of the State Council, and the State Council was concerned with the two considerations of improving the British and American customs and the implementation of the prohibition of alcohol. Britain put forward a proposal, but Britain refused. Secondly, Britain found that the American Prohibition inevitably put the competition of the British and American shipping industry and the maritime supplies of British ships on the table, and gradually inject the economic factors into the prohibition diplomacy; finally, the United States and Britain adjusted their respective strategies. A reciprocal treaty, while the British cross Commission, especially the Department of trade, in order to protect the fundamental interests of British trade, broke through the foreign minister coon's blocking and successfully suggested and United States parties.
The third chapter analyzed the British and American alcohol prohibition dispute after the Treaty of British and American Prohibition. Due to the defects of the Treaty of alcohol prohibition, the two countries are difficult to avoid the dispute, and the Treaty of prohibition of alcohol is also reduced to a paper paper. The London conference solved three major disputes, one hour line, and the use of presumed measurement after the treaty was signed. After the London meeting, the diplomatic disputes between the two countries were declining.
The concluding part is a supplement to the full text, which is an inspiration for the British and American war against alcohol. On the one hand, it summarizes the reasons for the policy of the two sides in the British and American diplomatic war against alcohol; on the other hand, it analyses the characteristics of the times reflected in the diplomatic war.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K712

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前5條

1 郭九林;馬威;;20世紀(jì)初美國(guó)禁酒立法出臺(tái)的原因再思考[J];大連海事大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2007年04期

2 喻維莉;美國(guó)二十世紀(jì)二十年代的自由主義與反禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)[J];桂海論叢;2004年S2期

3 何軍;19世紀(jì)至20世紀(jì)美國(guó)禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)失敗原因探析[J];遼寧大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2001年02期

4 王慧英;小杯中的大風(fēng)波──美國(guó)禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)述論[J];湛江師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1995年03期

5 范亞東;;論美國(guó)禁酒運(yùn)動(dòng)中婦女的歷史作用[J];中華女子學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2005年06期

，

本文編號(hào)：1921196