本文選題：聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和 + 美國(guó)政策　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)是指聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)或聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)通過(guò)決議創(chuàng)建的使用武裝和非武裝的軍事人員解決國(guó)際沖突、維持和平的一種行動(dòng)。美國(guó)政府認(rèn)為在一些未涉及兩國(guó)根本利益的地區(qū),可以和蘇聯(lián)在聯(lián)合國(guó)維和的框架下進(jìn)行有限的合作來(lái)維持國(guó)際和平與安全,這樣做符合美國(guó)的國(guó)家利益。另外,美國(guó)利用在聯(lián)合國(guó)的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位,通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)來(lái)解決爭(zhēng)端與沖突,可以在一定程度上避免與蘇聯(lián)同時(shí)卷入而發(fā)生對(duì)抗的危險(xiǎn)。所以美國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)是有其特殊政策的。 聯(lián)合國(guó)在剛果的維和行動(dòng)是冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期規(guī)�？涨啊⒑馁Y巨大的行動(dòng),使得維和經(jīng)費(fèi)劇增,導(dǎo)致了美蘇在聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和法理上的爭(zhēng)論:如關(guān)于聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和行動(dòng)的主導(dǎo)是聯(lián)合國(guó)主導(dǎo)還是安理會(huì)的絕對(duì)主導(dǎo);維和會(huì)費(fèi)的安排等問(wèn)題的爭(zhēng)論,從而在美國(guó)外交政策史上第一次凸顯了對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)維和行動(dòng)政策的反思,為以后的維和政策奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 1960年獨(dú)立的剛果是在全球非殖化的大環(huán)境下誕生的,這有利于剛果的反殖斗爭(zhēng)。盡管如此,剛剛獨(dú)立的剛果,還是陷入了嚴(yán)重內(nèi)憂外患當(dāng)中。剛果政府向聯(lián)合國(guó)求救,安理會(huì)通過(guò)決議,授權(quán)聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)哈馬舍爾德組織聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和行動(dòng)。艾森豪威爾政府從自身利益出發(fā),大力支持剛果維和行動(dòng)。但實(shí)際上美國(guó)是怕蘇聯(lián)利用剛果危機(jī)趁亂介入。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)一絲這樣的苗頭時(shí),艾森豪威爾政府不惜通過(guò)中央情報(bào)局采取秘密暗殺行動(dòng),把親蘇分子盧蒙巴從剛果總理的位置上趕下來(lái),并最終借刀將其除掉。 1961年肯尼迪政府上臺(tái)后,盡管盧蒙巴已經(jīng)被除,但剛果局勢(shì)撲朔迷離,出現(xiàn)了分崩離析之勢(shì)�？夏岬险诿绹�(guó)利益范圍內(nèi)適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整了對(duì)剛果的政策,在聯(lián)合國(guó)框架內(nèi),把其作為對(duì)新非洲的政策的表率,試圖改變美國(guó)親殖民者的形象�？夏岬险_(kāi)始認(rèn)真解決剛果問(wèn)題,支持聯(lián)合國(guó)武力施壓,并最終解決了加丹加的分裂問(wèn)題。 聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和花費(fèi)巨大,給聯(lián)合國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政造成了巨大的負(fù)擔(dān)。聯(lián)合國(guó)剛果維和行動(dòng)進(jìn)行時(shí),蘇聯(lián)等國(guó)家認(rèn)為剛果維和不公正,所以拒絕支付剛果維和會(huì)費(fèi),并進(jìn)而對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)主導(dǎo)的剛果維和提出質(zhì)疑。美國(guó)一方面強(qiáng)硬催繳蘇聯(lián)所欠的維和會(huì)費(fèi),一方面根據(jù)憲章第十九條,叫囂要提交到第十九次聯(lián)大上,對(duì)蘇聯(lián)可能處以不能表決的處罰。美蘇爭(zhēng)論,客觀上也使聯(lián)合國(guó)未來(lái)的維和機(jī)制更加具體和完備。
[Abstract]:The United Nations peacekeeping operation is a kind of action that uses armed and unarmed military personnel to solve international conflicts and keep peace, which is created by UN Security Council or UN General Assembly resolutions. The U.S. government believes that it is in the national interest of the United States to cooperate with the Soviet Union in maintaining international peace and security within the framework of United Nations peacekeeping in areas where the fundamental interests of the two countries are not at stake. In addition, the United States can use its advantage in the United Nations to resolve disputes and conflicts through UN peacekeeping operations, to a certain extent, it can avoid the danger of confrontation with the Soviet Union at the same time. So the United States has a special policy on UN peacekeeping operations. The United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo was an unprecedented and costly operation during the cold war, resulting in a dramatic increase in peacekeeping funds. This has led to a debate between the United States and the Soviet Union on the legal principles of the United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo, such as whether the leading role of the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo is dominated by the United Nations or the Security Council, and the arrangement of peacekeeping contributions. Thus, for the first time in the history of American foreign policy, the reflection on the policy of UN peacekeeping operations is highlighted, which lays the foundation for the future peacekeeping policy. The independence of Congo in 1960 was born in the context of global decolonization, which was conducive to the Congo's anti-colonization struggle. Even so, the newly independent Congo is caught in serious internal and external troubles. The Congolese government appealed to the United Nations for help, and the Security Council passed a resolution authorizing UN Secretary General Hammarskjold to organize a UN peacekeeping operation in Congo. The Eisenhower administration, acting in its own interest, strongly supported the Congolese peacekeeping operation. In fact, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union would use the Congo crisis to intervene in chaos. When there was a hint of that, the Eisenhower government did not hesitate to carry out secret assassinations through the CIA, ousting the pro-Soviet Lumumba from his post as prime minister and eventually removing it with a knife. After the Kennedy administration came to power in 1961, although the Lumumba had been removed, the situation in Congo was uncertain and disintegrated. In the framework of the United Nations, the Kennedy administration appropriately adjusted its policy towards the Congo within the scope of American interests, taking it as an example of its policy towards the New Africa and trying to change the image of the pro-colonists of the United States. The Kennedy administration began to seriously resolve the Congo issue, supported the United Nations pressure by force, and finally resolved the split of Katanga. The cost of United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo is enormous, putting a huge burden on the economy and finance of the United Nations. When the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo, the Soviet Union and other countries considered Congo peacekeeping unfair, so they refused to pay Congo peacekeeping dues, and then questioned the United Nations General Assembly led by Congo peacekeeping. On the one hand, the United States strongly called on the Soviet Union to pay the peacekeeping dues owed by the Soviet Union; on the other hand, under Article 19 of the Charter, the United States clamoured to submit it to the 19th UN General Assembly, and the Soviet Union may be punished without a vote. The United States and the Soviet Union argue objectively that the future UN peacekeeping mechanism is more concrete and complete.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D813.2;K712.54

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