本文選題：聯(lián)合國剛果維和 + 美國政策��； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 聯(lián)合國維和行動是指聯(lián)合國安理會或聯(lián)合國大會通過決議創(chuàng)建的使用武裝和非武裝的軍事人員解決國際沖突、維持和平的一種行動。美國政府認為在一些未涉及兩國根本利益的地區(qū),可以和蘇聯(lián)在聯(lián)合國維和的框架下進行有限的合作來維持國際和平與安全,這樣做符合美國的國家利益。另外,美國利用在聯(lián)合國的優(yōu)勢地位,通過聯(lián)合國維和行動來解決爭端與沖突,可以在一定程度上避免與蘇聯(lián)同時卷入而發(fā)生對抗的危險。所以美國對聯(lián)合國維和行動是有其特殊政策的。 聯(lián)合國在剛果的維和行動是冷戰(zhàn)時期規(guī)�？涨�、耗資巨大的行動,使得維和經(jīng)費劇增,導(dǎo)致了美蘇在聯(lián)合國剛果維和法理上的爭論:如關(guān)于聯(lián)合國剛果維和行動的主導(dǎo)是聯(lián)合國主導(dǎo)還是安理會的絕對主導(dǎo);維和會費的安排等問題的爭論,從而在美國外交政策史上第一次凸顯了對聯(lián)合國維和行動政策的反思,為以后的維和政策奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 1960年獨立的剛果是在全球非殖化的大環(huán)境下誕生的,這有利于剛果的反殖斗爭。盡管如此,剛剛獨立的剛果,還是陷入了嚴重內(nèi)憂外患當(dāng)中。剛果政府向聯(lián)合國求救,安理會通過決議,授權(quán)聯(lián)合國秘書長哈馬舍爾德組織聯(lián)合國剛果維和行動。艾森豪威爾政府從自身利益出發(fā),大力支持剛果維和行動。但實際上美國是怕蘇聯(lián)利用剛果危機趁亂介入。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)一絲這樣的苗頭時,艾森豪威爾政府不惜通過中央情報局采取秘密暗殺行動,把親蘇分子盧蒙巴從剛果總理的位置上趕下來,并最終借刀將其除掉。 1961年肯尼迪政府上臺后,盡管盧蒙巴已經(jīng)被除,但剛果局勢撲朔迷離,出現(xiàn)了分崩離析之勢�？夏岬险诿绹娣秶鷥�(nèi)適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整了對剛果的政策,在聯(lián)合國框架內(nèi),把其作為對新非洲的政策的表率,試圖改變美國親殖民者的形象�？夏岬险_始認真解決剛果問題,支持聯(lián)合國武力施壓,并最終解決了加丹加的分裂問題。 聯(lián)合國剛果維和花費巨大,給聯(lián)合國的經(jīng)濟和財政造成了巨大的負擔(dān)。聯(lián)合國剛果維和行動進行時,蘇聯(lián)等國家認為剛果維和不公正,所以拒絕支付剛果維和會費,并進而對聯(lián)合國大會主導(dǎo)的剛果維和提出質(zhì)疑。美國一方面強硬催繳蘇聯(lián)所欠的維和會費,一方面根據(jù)憲章第十九條,叫囂要提交到第十九次聯(lián)大上,對蘇聯(lián)可能處以不能表決的處罰。美蘇爭論,客觀上也使聯(lián)合國未來的維和機制更加具體和完備。
[Abstract]:The United Nations peacekeeping operation is a kind of action that uses armed and unarmed military personnel to solve international conflicts and keep peace, which is created by UN Security Council or UN General Assembly resolutions. The U.S. government believes that it is in the national interest of the United States to cooperate with the Soviet Union in maintaining international peace and security within the framework of United Nations peacekeeping in areas where the fundamental interests of the two countries are not at stake. In addition, the United States can use its advantage in the United Nations to resolve disputes and conflicts through UN peacekeeping operations, to a certain extent, it can avoid the danger of confrontation with the Soviet Union at the same time. So the United States has a special policy on UN peacekeeping operations. The United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo was an unprecedented and costly operation during the cold war, resulting in a dramatic increase in peacekeeping funds. This has led to a debate between the United States and the Soviet Union on the legal principles of the United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo, such as whether the leading role of the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo is dominated by the United Nations or the Security Council, and the arrangement of peacekeeping contributions. Thus, for the first time in the history of American foreign policy, the reflection on the policy of UN peacekeeping operations is highlighted, which lays the foundation for the future peacekeeping policy. The independence of Congo in 1960 was born in the context of global decolonization, which was conducive to the Congo's anti-colonization struggle. Even so, the newly independent Congo is caught in serious internal and external troubles. The Congolese government appealed to the United Nations for help, and the Security Council passed a resolution authorizing UN Secretary General Hammarskjold to organize a UN peacekeeping operation in Congo. The Eisenhower administration, acting in its own interest, strongly supported the Congolese peacekeeping operation. In fact, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union would use the Congo crisis to intervene in chaos. When there was a hint of that, the Eisenhower government did not hesitate to carry out secret assassinations through the CIA, ousting the pro-Soviet Lumumba from his post as prime minister and eventually removing it with a knife. After the Kennedy administration came to power in 1961, although the Lumumba had been removed, the situation in Congo was uncertain and disintegrated. In the framework of the United Nations, the Kennedy administration appropriately adjusted its policy towards the Congo within the scope of American interests, taking it as an example of its policy towards the New Africa and trying to change the image of the pro-colonists of the United States. The Kennedy administration began to seriously resolve the Congo issue, supported the United Nations pressure by force, and finally resolved the split of Katanga. The cost of United Nations peacekeeping in the Congo is enormous, putting a huge burden on the economy and finance of the United Nations. When the United Nations peacekeeping operation in the Congo, the Soviet Union and other countries considered Congo peacekeeping unfair, so they refused to pay Congo peacekeeping dues, and then questioned the United Nations General Assembly led by Congo peacekeeping. On the one hand, the United States strongly called on the Soviet Union to pay the peacekeeping dues owed by the Soviet Union; on the other hand, under Article 19 of the Charter, the United States clamoured to submit it to the 19th UN General Assembly, and the Soviet Union may be punished without a vote. The United States and the Soviet Union argue objectively that the future UN peacekeeping mechanism is more concrete and complete.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D813.2;K712.54

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本文編號：1886664