本文選題：馬島戰(zhàn)爭 + 英國　； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 當(dāng)今世界,歷史遺留的島嶼主權(quán)爭端還繼續(xù)存在著,和平解決這些爭端符合當(dāng)事國人民的愿望和利益。1982年英阿馬島戰(zhàn)爭在這個領(lǐng)域為世人提供了一個值得借鑒的案例。有關(guān)馬島戰(zhàn)爭的研究一直沒有間斷,但多數(shù)集中在與軍事有關(guān)的方面。實際上,從歷史上看解決國際爭端須靠外交而不是單純的武力。馬島戰(zhàn)爭相關(guān)的外交遠(yuǎn)比軍事斗爭復(fù)雜、激烈,對國與國間解決領(lǐng)土爭端更有借鑒意義。所以,與戰(zhàn)爭相關(guān)的外交之背景、過程、影響值得我們?nèi)ミM(jìn)行詳盡的探討。 而從目前的論著來看,戰(zhàn)爭期間外交方面的系統(tǒng)研究相對其它專題還比較少。本文試圖在吸收國內(nèi)外研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,將英美阿三方在戰(zhàn)爭前前后后的外交活動結(jié)合在一起考察軍事斗爭背后的外交過程,以從整體上揭示外交對這場戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)程的影響。文章正文共分六個部分: 第一部分分析戰(zhàn)爭的起因,英美阿之間相互“鼓勵”錯覺,進(jìn)而這種錯覺造成了戰(zhàn)爭。 首先英國在馬島問題上的政策過失,導(dǎo)致阿根廷產(chǎn)生武力解決問題的念頭,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致阿根廷誤讀了英國的一些舉動,堅定了武力奪回馬島的決心。1976年上臺的軍政府認(rèn)為英國隨著國力的衰退,不會做出激烈反應(yīng);況且美阿關(guān)系密切,美國即使不支持自己也會保持中立。一系列的錯覺促使加爾鐵里在1982年3月底作出武力占領(lǐng)馬島的決定。 第二部分梳理戰(zhàn)爭的導(dǎo)火線-南喬治亞事件。 南喬治亞事件是一個偶然的事件,但在處理這一事件中,英美阿之間的錯覺繼續(xù)升級。英國盡量保持低調(diào)的姿態(tài),以免刺激阿根廷,而阿根廷卻誤讀為英國繼續(xù)拖延;阿根廷的威脅在英國看來僅僅是口頭上的發(fā)泄,所以沒能辨清即將爆發(fā)的戰(zhàn)爭的信號;美國因為專注于反共戰(zhàn)略,沒有重視兩個盟友之間的爭端,而且認(rèn)為英阿過于為一件小事別扭。 第三部分突出美國的調(diào)停這條線索,并通過對英阿外交的分析側(cè)面論證美國的調(diào)停是公正的。 戰(zhàn)爭盡管在英阿之間進(jìn)行,但此時英國正在軍事準(zhǔn)備階段,阿根廷的戰(zhàn)略計劃是談判,所以這是外交為第一戰(zhàn)線、軍事為第二戰(zhàn)線階段。因此黑格的調(diào)停便成為了解戰(zhàn)爭的主線。事實上,美國是嚴(yán)格的居中調(diào)停,雙方都是重要的盟友,失去任何一個,對美國的全球戰(zhàn)略都不利。英阿外交的主要目標(biāo)則是爭取美國的支持。不過兩國的方式不同。英國從側(cè)面影響美國;阿根廷則僵硬地認(rèn)為美國應(yīng)該幫助自己或嚴(yán)守中立,這種錯覺影響了在黑格調(diào)停過程中軍政府的決策。最終英國的外交姿態(tài)給黑格以良好的印象。而阿根廷的思維錯覺卻將黑格對自己施加的壓力看作美國的偏心,因此越來越對黑格的調(diào)停不合作,黑格不得不將談判破裂的責(zé)任推給阿根廷,宣布支持英國。 第四部分論述5月1日后,撒切爾夫人選擇了戰(zhàn)爭。 撒切爾首相選擇戰(zhàn)爭的主要原因是:4月底,特遣艦隊已到達(dá)馬島水域,完成軍事準(zhǔn)備工作;黑格調(diào)停失敗,美國宣布支持英國。英國一面談判,一面繼續(xù)舞動飛機(jī)和大炮,對馬島進(jìn)行不斷的轟擊,為和談設(shè)置障礙。隨著傷亡的增加,國際社會對英國的動機(jī)表示出懷疑,呼吁停火的呼聲越來越高。在這樣的氛圍下,阿根廷開始積極配合聯(lián)合國的調(diào)停,做出重大的讓步。但時間不允許英國再談判下去,5月20日是英國定下的談判的最后期限。之后,“無論用什么辦法都不可能制止軍事行動了”。 第五部分重點分析在5月20后阿根廷的外交戰(zhàn)。 在軍事形勢越來越有利于英國的局勢下,阿根廷利用英國不愿再談判的態(tài)勢主動展開外交,企圖利用國際輿論,在外交上打敗英國。這個階段的外交給英國、美國都造成了相當(dāng)大的壓力,使英美之間出現(xiàn)分歧,阿根廷贏得聯(lián)合國�；饹Q議的投票。不過,這時英國已經(jīng)孤注一擲,盡管阿根廷的外交已見起色,卻無法扭轉(zhuǎn)撒切爾夫人將戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)行到底的態(tài)勢。英國對決議動用了否決權(quán),迅速地推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)爭。6月15日,阿根廷軍隊投降。 第六部分是戰(zhàn)爭對英美阿關(guān)系的影響。 雖然英國和阿根廷為�？颂m群島的主權(quán)問題而進(jìn)行了一場戰(zhàn)爭,但頗具諷刺意味的是戰(zhàn)爭并沒有解決這個問題,主權(quán)歸屬依然在爭論中。馬島戰(zhàn)爭在美英特殊關(guān)系發(fā)展中是一次重要的事件,使70年代貌合神離的英美關(guān)系得到鞏固和加強(qiáng)。勝利鞏固了撒切爾夫人與里根的個人關(guān)系以及英國與美國的大西洋伙伴關(guān)系。至于戰(zhàn)爭對美阿關(guān)系的影響,學(xué)者都認(rèn)為美國在戰(zhàn)爭中支持英國大大損害了美阿關(guān)系,但從歷史上看,沖突與合作一直是美阿關(guān)系的主線,從這種視角分析,美阿關(guān)系不是受到損害,而是回到了美阿關(guān)系的歷史主線上。并且戰(zhàn)后阿根廷走上了民主化道路,阿根廷主人變化了,外交路線也會相應(yīng)調(diào)整,所以戰(zhàn)爭對兩國關(guān)系影響不能夸大。 最后是結(jié)論,馬島戰(zhàn)爭是大西洋主義對泛美主義的勝利。 馬島戰(zhàn)爭首先是大西洋主義的恰當(dāng)?shù)脑忈尅?在兩個盟友的關(guān)系無法兼顧的情況下,美國最終全力支持英國。馬島戰(zhàn)爭是英美特殊關(guān)系發(fā)展中的一個給養(yǎng)站,戰(zhàn)爭后兩國關(guān)系異常密切起來。英美在全球戰(zhàn)略中相互提供支持。 馬島戰(zhàn)爭同時又使泛美主義受挫。 馬島戰(zhàn)爭加深了美國與拉美國家之間意識上的鴻溝。馬島戰(zhàn)爭中阿根廷的失敗又是泛美主義的受挫,使泛美主義貌合神離的趨向更加明顯。
[Abstract]:In the world today , the sovereignty dispute of islands in history has continued to exist , and the peaceful settlement of these disputes is in accordance with the wishes and interests of the people of the State concerned . In 1982 , the war on the island of Palestine has provided a useful case for the world . In fact , the war - related diplomacy in the island is far more complicated than the military struggle . Therefore , the background , the process and the influence of the war - related diplomacy deserve to be discussed in detail .


On the basis of absorbing the domestic and foreign research results , this paper attempts to combine the diplomatic activities behind the military struggle with the diplomatic activities of the three parties after the war , in order to reveal the influence of diplomacy on the process of the war .


The first part analyzes the causes of the war and the mutual " encouragement " between the British and the United States , which leads to the war .


First , Britain ' s policy negligence on the island led to Argentina ' s idea of force - solving , which led Argentina to misread Britain ' s resolve . In 1976 , the military government believed that Britain would not react violently with the recession of the country . In 1976 , the United States would remain neutral , even if it did not support itself . A series of illusions prompted the decision by the State of Calcutta to make the seizure of the island by the end of March 1982 .


The second part sorts out the war ' s fuse - South Georgia incident .


South Georgia was an occasional incident , but in dealing with the incident , the illusion between the British and the United States continued to escalate . The United Kingdom tried to maintain a low profile in order not to stimulate Argentina , while Argentina had misread the signal that Britain continued to delay ; Argentina ' s threats appeared to be mere verbal leaks in the UK ; the United States did not recognize the impending war ; the United States did not attach importance to the dispute between the two allies because of its focus on the anti - Communist strategy .


The third part highlights the U.S . mediation , and argues that mediation in the United States is fair through the analysis of British - Arab diplomacy .


The war , though carried out between Britain and Afghanistan , is in the military preparation phase , and Argentina ' s strategic plan is negotiations , so it is diplomacy for the first front , military for the second front stage . The main goal of diplomacy is to win support from the United States .


The fourth part deals with the selection of the war by Mrs Thatcher after 1 May .


The prime minister ' s choice of war is that the Task Force has reached the waters of the island at the end of April to complete military preparations ; the United States declared its support for Britain . On one side , the United States declared its support for Britain . With the increase of casualties , the international community expressed doubts about the motives of the United Nations and called for a cease - fire . In such an atmosphere , Argentina began to actively cooperate with the mediation of the United Nations and made significant concessions .


The fifth part focuses on the diplomatic war in Argentina after May 20 .


Argentina won the United Nations cease - fire resolution by taking advantage of Britain ' s reluctance to re - negotiate in a situation where the military situation is more and more favourable to Britain . The diplomacy in this stage gives Britain and the United States a considerable pressure to cast a vote on the United Nations cease - fire resolution . But then Britain has been desperate to reverse Mrs . Thatcher ' s war on the ground . Britain has used the veto to push forward the war quickly . On June 15 , the Argentine army surrendered .


The sixth part is the influence of war on Anglo - American relations .


Although Britain and Argentina fought a war for the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands , it was ironic that the war did not solve the problem , and sovereignty remained in the debate . The island war was an important event in the development of Anglo - American relations . The victory reinforced the personal relationship between Mrs . Thatcher and Reagan and the Atlantic Partnership between Britain and the United States .


Finally , it is concluded that the island war is the victory of the Atlantic in the Pan - Americanism .


The island war is first the proper interpretation of Atlantic doctrine .


The U . S . ended its full support for Britain in the unlikely event of a compromise between the two allies . The island ' s war was a feeding station in the development of Anglo - American special relations , which was unusually close after the war . Britain and the United States supported each other in the global strategy .


The island ' s war , meanwhile , frustrated the Pan - Americanism .


The island ' s war deepened the gulf between the United States and Latin American countries . Argentina ' s defeat in the island war was also a setback for Pan - Americanism , which made the tendency of panaestheticism to be more obvious .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K153

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