本文選題：統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟 + 戰(zhàn)爭動員　； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 一戰(zhàn)期間,美國政府為了進行戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟動員而在國內(nèi)建立了全面管制下經(jīng)濟體制——“統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟體制”。實行全國范圍內(nèi)的統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟看似只是美國政府為進行戰(zhàn)爭動員而采取的臨時性措施,但建立這一體制的基礎(chǔ),卻是在一戰(zhàn)前很長時間就開始形成了。十九世紀(jì)初的進步主義思潮,為聯(lián)邦政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟提供了理論依據(jù);在政府反壟斷的過程中,出現(xiàn)的干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的機構(gòu)與法案,又為戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)制政策的實施提供了借鑒。統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟是在機構(gòu)體系和法律體系的雙重保障下建立的。作為戰(zhàn)爭動員的體制,其軍事意義體現(xiàn)在多個方面,包括建立了更加科學(xué)的后勤供應(yīng)體系,形成了更全面的動員機制,等等。同時,一戰(zhàn)時的經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)制還是“總體戰(zhàn)”思想在美國軍事史上的首次實踐,它不僅為美國整個軍事動員體制的確立和完善奠定了基礎(chǔ),還成為美國海外遠征軍體制形成過程中的重要部分。另一方面,統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟作為經(jīng)濟管理體制,其經(jīng)濟意義也非常重要。統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟體制的經(jīng)濟意義,主要體現(xiàn)在戰(zhàn)時政府所實行的財稅政策、價格調(diào)控政策和勞工政策方面。為滿足與日俱增的軍費需求,政府通過三個渠道提高財政收入:增加稅收、發(fā)行公債和“貨幣創(chuàng)造”,這三項措施對當(dāng)時美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟都產(chǎn)生了很大的影響:增稅政策在引起了人們不滿的同時,卻客觀地調(diào)節(jié)了財富的分配,對普通勞動人民來說是有利的;政府在發(fā)行公債時掀起了一場“愛國運動”;在關(guān)于稅收和公債比例問題的討論中,“加重稅收在政府財政收入中比重”的優(yōu)點,被人們意識到,并成為國家財政體系中的一部分,“高所得稅”的稅收模式也在這一時期形成;美國聯(lián)邦儲備體系的成立,使一戰(zhàn)中的美國政府有了更靈活的“貨幣創(chuàng)造”方式,在美聯(lián)儲購買政府公債的過程中,其重要的貨幣政策工具——“公開的市場操作”被發(fā)現(xiàn),并成為美聯(lián)儲調(diào)節(jié)貨幣數(shù)量,影響經(jīng)濟運行的常用方法。統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟條件下,政府對物價進行調(diào)控的意義主要有兩方面:一是調(diào)節(jié)供需以滿足戰(zhàn)爭動員的需求;二是穩(wěn)定物價,保證國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟的健康有序發(fā)展。在這一目標(biāo)的引導(dǎo)下,美國國內(nèi)形成了有特點的價格調(diào)控體系——“量線—優(yōu)先”體系。與工人組織結(jié)合是一戰(zhàn)時期勞工政策的重要特征,它一方面保障了工人的權(quán)利,另一方面還避免了罷工,為經(jīng)濟動員的順利進行提供了良好的社會環(huán)境。一戰(zhàn)后美國的騰飛是建立在戰(zhàn)爭經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)上的,廣泛的經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)制是繁榮的基礎(chǔ)。統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟下的美國政府成為戰(zhàn)時國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟運行的主要推動者,他們利用價格杠桿提高了經(jīng)濟運行的效率,穩(wěn)定了物價,讓人們看到了干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)勢。一戰(zhàn)后的美國,經(jīng)歷了蕭條到繁榮再蕭條的過程,這一過程與戰(zhàn)時統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟有著非常密切的關(guān)系,大蕭條的出現(xiàn)是政府放棄經(jīng)濟干預(yù)政策的直接后果。統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟的最大影響,在于它不僅成為三十年代“新政”政策的來源,還為此后美國國內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟模式提供了借鑒。
[Abstract]:During the first World War, the United States government established the economic system under the overall control in order to mobilize the wartime economy in China - the "unified economic system". The implementation of the unified economy throughout the country appears to be a temporary measure adopted by the United States government for the mobilization of the war. But the foundation of the establishment of the system is very long before the first war. Time began to form. The progressive trend of thought in the early nineteenth Century provided a theoretical basis for the federal government to intervene in the economy; in the process of the government's anti monopoly, the institutions and bills intervened in the economy, which provided a reference for the implementation of the policy of the wartime economic control. As a system of war mobilization, its military significance is embodied in many aspects, including the establishment of a more scientific logistics supply system, a more comprehensive mobilization mechanism, and so on. At the same time, the first practice of the economy of the war and the first practice of "overall war" in American military history is not only for the entire military mobilization of the United States. The establishment and perfection of the system have laid the foundation and become an important part of the formation of the American Expeditionary Army system. On the other hand, the economic significance of the unified economy as an economic management system is also very important. The economic significance of the unified economic system is mainly embodied in the fiscal and tax policies, the price regulation policy and the labor force. In terms of industrial policy, in order to meet the increasing demand for military expenditure, the government has increased its fiscal revenue through three channels: increasing tax revenue, issuing bonds and "currency creation". These three measures have greatly influenced the domestic economy of the United States at that time: the tax increase policy, while causing discontent, objectively regulates the distribution of wealth. It is beneficial for the ordinary working people; the government has set off a "Patriotic Movement" in issuing bonds; in the discussion about the proportion of tax and public debt, the advantages of "increasing the proportion of tax in the government revenue" are realized and become part of the national financial system and the tax model of "high income tax". The formation of the United States Federal Reserve system made the United States government in the first World War a more flexible "currency creation" way. In the course of the Federal Reserve buying government bonds, the important monetary policy tool, "open market operation", was found, and it became the Federal Reserve to regulate the amount of money and affect the economic transport. Under the control of economic conditions, the government regulates prices in two aspects: one is to adjust supply and demand to meet the demand of war mobilization; two is to stabilize prices and ensure the healthy and orderly development of domestic economy. Under the guidance of this goal, a characteristic price regulation system has been formed in the United States - "quantity line" The combination with workers' organization is an important feature of labor policy during the first World War. On the one hand, it safeguards the rights of the workers. On the other hand, it avoids the strike and provides a good social environment for the smooth progress of economic mobilization. After the war, the American takeoff was based on the war economy, and the extensive economic control was made. The basis of prosperity. The United States government under the unified economy became the main driver of the domestic economic operation in wartime. They used the price lever to improve the efficiency of the economy, stabilize the price, and let the people see the advantage of the intervention economy. There is a very close relationship. The emergence of the great depression is the direct consequence of the government's abandonment of the economic intervention policy. The greatest impact of the unified economy is that it not only becomes the source of the "New Deal" policy in 30s, but also provides a reference for the subsequent American domestic economic model.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.51

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 吳玄;一戰(zhàn)時期美國國內(nèi)的糧食、食品供應(yīng)問題研究[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2011年

2 彭婷婷;論第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中美國的稅收政策[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2011年

3 鐘美紛;一戰(zhàn)時期美國的新聞宣傳與戰(zhàn)爭動員[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2009年

，

本文編號：1881842