本文選題：俄國 + 農(nóng)奴制��； 參考：《史學(xué)月刊》2017年02期

【摘要】：18世紀(jì)末至19世紀(jì)中期,俄國農(nóng)奴制的主要剝削形式是代役制和勞役制。根據(jù)對勞役制下農(nóng)民份地與地主自營地的數(shù)量變化和相互比例、農(nóng)民為地主服勞役的時間的分析,以及對代役制下農(nóng)民的各項租稅及其農(nóng)副業(yè)收入的變化的辨析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然因為地主數(shù)量的增長、地主經(jīng)濟(jì)的擴(kuò)張、地主消費和債務(wù)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,農(nóng)奴制的剝削程度確實有所提高,但由于地主對農(nóng)民的剝削面臨著一系列的約束,因此這種剝削程度并不像傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為的那樣沉重。1861年前,農(nóng)奴制經(jīng)濟(jì)并未喪失發(fā)展?jié)摿?農(nóng)奴制經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)并非是衰退性危機(jī),而是結(jié)構(gòu)性危機(jī)和轉(zhuǎn)型危機(jī)。正是這種結(jié)構(gòu)性危機(jī)和戰(zhàn)爭失敗后的國家政治危機(jī),最終導(dǎo)致了19世紀(jì)中期沙皇政府廢除農(nóng)奴制。
[Abstract]:From the end of the 18 th century to the middle of the 19th century, the main forms of exploitation of serfdom in Russia were subservience and servitude. Based on the analysis of the quantity change and mutual proportion between peasants' land and landlords' self-camp under the system of servitude, the analysis of the time of peasants' servitude as landlords, and the differentiation of the various taxes of peasants under the system of substitute service and the change of their income from agricultural and sideline work, it can be found that, Although the exploitation of serfdom has indeed increased as a result of the increase in the number of landlords, the expansion of their economy, and the expansion of their consumption and debt, the exploitation of the peasants by the landlords faces a series of constraints. Before 1861, the serfdom economy did not lose its development potential. The serfdom economic crisis was not a recession crisis, but a structural crisis and a transition crisis. It was this structural crisis and the national political crisis after the defeat of the war that led to the abolition of serfdom by the czar government in the mid-19th century.
【作者單位】： 吉林大學(xué)東北亞研究院歷史與文化研究所;
【分類號】：K512.34

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